河西走廊荒漠土壤微生物群落结构及环境响应

荒漠土壤中微生物生存适应机制及其生态系统功能对揭示干旱区物质转化过程具有重要意义。沿河西走廊东南至西北自然降水递减梯度下设置16个样带,采用高通量测序技术探究土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性特征,揭示微生物多样性、优势菌群与土壤机械组成、养分关系。结果显示:河西走廊荒漠土壤细菌中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为优势群落,部分样带厚壁菌门相对丰度最高达85%;真菌中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为优势群落,其相对丰度均大于>5%。相关性分析显示:粗粉粒(0.05~0.02mm)、细粉粒(0.25~0.10 mm)、黏粒(<0.002 mm)、有效磷(AP)和解碱氮(AN)对细菌多样性影响极显著,细粉粒(0.25~0.10mm)、黏粒(<0.002mm)、有效磷(AP)和解碱氮(AN)对真菌多样性影响极显著(P<0.01)。冗余分析显示:细粉粒(0.25~0.10 mm)、有效磷(AP)和有机碳(SOC)对细菌群落影响显著,黏粒(<0.002 mm)和有效磷(AP)对真菌群落影响显著(P<0.05)。研究表明了河西走廊荒漠土壤微生物群落结构的组成、变化及影响因子,解释了土壤环境对微生物分布的影响及微生物对土壤生态系统系统发展的作用,为保护生物多样性及荒漠生态服务提供理论参考。

未来气候变化对中国荒漠化的潜在影响

气候变化与荒漠化间的反馈机制已成为全球研究的重点问题之一 ,减缓温室气体增加与防治荒漠化也成为全球协同行动的领域。作为一个发展中国家 ,中国的荒漠化及其防治不仅影响到全球气候变化 ,同时气候变化对中国的荒漠化也会产生显著影响。文中采用全国 1914个气象站的数据作为基线数据 ,在根据植被区划图在青藏高原上对Thornthwaite方程做适当订正的基础上 ,选择未来两个具代表性的年份 (2 0 30年和 2 0 5 6年 )用HadCM 2模型来预测全球变化框架下中国未来荒漠化生物气候类型区的变化。结果表明 ,各生物气候类型区的面积基本上均呈增加的趋势 ,其中以亚湿润干旱区增加为主 ,半干旱区次之。与 1990年的 395 6 5 81万km2 的荒漠化生物气候类型区面积相比 ,在GHGs年增量为 1%且考虑硫酸盐溶胶影响的情况下 ,2 0 30年和 2 0 5 6年分别提高了 11 33%和12 94% ,而在GHGs年增量为 0 5 %且考虑硫酸盐溶胶影响的情况下 ,则分别提高了 3 75 %和6 95 % ,比前者分别减少了 7 5 8和 5 99个百分点。虽然在GHGs年增量 0 5 %的减少情况下 ,中国未来荒漠化生物气候类型区面积扩大和程度加剧的速度有所减缓 ,但其总体增加仍很显著。因此进一步开展气候变化与荒漠化间相互作用的研究 ,并用以指导中国的荒漠化防治工?

盐胁迫对爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum)生理生化特性的影响

研究了盐胁迫对荒漠生物结皮中的先锋藻类———S.javanicum的生理生化特性的影响。S.javanicum对盐胁迫很敏感,在较低盐浓度时光合作用活性已很低;色素分析表明,盐胁迫对类胡萝卜素的吸收值影响较大,对Scytonemin色素则较小。从对数生长期开始,其胞外总糖、胞外聚合物(Extracellularpolymericsubstance,EPS)和蛋白质浓度增高,并在稳定期和衰亡期达到最大。随盐浓度升高,盐胁迫显著抑制其生长,生物量产量下降,但单位生物量(μgChla)胞外聚合物各组份的产量增加,其中蛋白质的含量增加更显著。胞内还原性糖含量随盐浓度升高而升高,并在0.1mol·L-1时达最大;脯氨酸含量则呈V形变化。盐胁迫下胞外聚合物、胞内蔗糖、水溶性糖和还原性糖的大量积累,改变了胞内外物质浓度,说明糖类通过改变其代谢方式,在渗透调节上起着重要的作用。

Genetic Structure of Reaumuria soongorica Population in Fukang Desert, Xinjiang and Its Relationship with Ecological Factors

Genetic structure and differentiation of Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim population from the desert of Fukang, Xinjiang, were assessed by means of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. High genetic diversity and differentiation were revealed in the population of R soongorica by 15 random primers. One hundred and thirty-six individuals from seven subpopulations were sampled in the study. Seventy-one loci have been detected, and among them 69 were polymorphic. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci (PPB) was 97.18%. The analyses of Shannon information index (0.307 5), Nei's gene diversity (0.312 7) and G(ST)(0.312 0) indicated that there were more genetic variations within the subpopulations than those among the subpopulations. The results of AMOVA analysis showed that 61.58% of the genetic variations existed within subpopulations, and 38.02% among the subpopulations. The gene flow among the subpopulations of R soongorica (Nm = 1.102 8) was much less than that of the common anemophytes (Nm = 5.24), so genetic differentiation among the subpopulations occurred to some extent. Additionally, through the use of clustering and the correlation analyses, we found that the genetic structure of natural population of R soongorica was related to some ecological factors (soil factors mainly) of the oasis-desert transition zone. The genetic diversity level of R soongorica had negative correlation with the content of total soil P and Cl significantly (P < 0.05). On the contrary, it had significant positive correlation with CO32- (P < 0.05), showing that the distribution of the individuals of R soongorica in the sampled areas correlates with certain soluble salt. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of the natural population of R soongorica increased with the decreasing of the content of soil organic matters, water, total N and total P in soil. The paper concluded that the microenvironment ecological factors played an important role in the adaptive evolution of R soongorica population.

Relation of Wind-induced Sand Displacement to Plant Biomass and Plant Sand-binding Capacity

Desertification is a process in which vegetation cover degrades followed by increased wind and water erosion. Plants adapted to moving sand conditions are able to reverse this process. They can stabilize die substrate. Not much data is available on the soil stabilization capacity of plants. This study was conducted to investigate the wind-induced sand displacement around plants in relation to their biomass. Sand displacement is examined in relation to the biomass allocation pattern of three different plant species. A new method was developed to experimentally investigate plant sand-binding capacity. The relationship between sand displacement and plant biomass was not linear. Apart from the amount of biomass, species-specific plant characters like the biomass allocation pattern and plant structure may be very important in determining the sand-binding capacity.

库布齐沙漠综合试验站建设取得新进展

内蒙古林科院库布齐沙漠综合试验站经过3年建设，在防沙治沙技术、沙生植物引种、荒漠藻生物结皮固沙研究等方面取得新的进展，同时受到国内有关高校和科研单位的关注。