基层门诊部药品储存管理的体会和思考

药品是一种特殊的商品,药品质量会对患者的健康以及治疗效果产生直接影响。药品的储存和科学管理在药学工作中占重要地位,是保证临床安全用药的重要环节,对保证药品安全有效有重要意义。要做好药品的储存和科学管理,必须充分了解掌握各种药品的理化性质、环境因素、人为因素等对药品稳定性可能产生的影响,并结合基层单位在药物储存中存在的共性不足,查阅相关资料,总结出药品储存的良好条件和科学的管理方法,从而有效的保证药品的质量。

Effect of magnesium on FOX-7 and its tautomers-A DFT treatment

FOX-7 and its cisoid and transoid 1,5-tautomers as well as magnesium composites of all have been investigated quantum chemically within the restrictions of density functional theory(B3 LYP/6 e311ttG(d,p)). Certain physico-chemical and quantum chemical properties, energies, stabilities,calculated IR and UV-VIS spectra are discussed. The influence of magnesium atom is investigated. It has been found that in FOX-7 composites the magnesium is not a silent ingredient, but interacts with the organic constituents.

高中生物实验常见失败原因及改进措施

根据多年工作实践经验，对生物实验中常见的一些问题以及应对措施进行探讨。

Exploratory research on drug safety in China

The article defines the concept of drug safety,summarizes the problems and causes in the area of drug safety in China, and proposes relevant measures to solve the problems.

Effect of Morinda officinalis capsule on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats

AIM:To explore the therapeutic effects of Morinda officinalis capsules(MOP) on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats.METHOD:Six-month-old female Sprague–Dawley rats were induced for postmenopausal osteoporosis(PMOP) by bilateral ovariectomy and divided into seven groups as follows:sham-operated group,ovariectomized(OVX) control group,OVX treated with xianlinggubao(XLGB)(270 mg·kg-1·d-1),OVX treated with alendronate sodium(ALN)(3 mg·kg-1·d-1),and OVX treated with Morinda officinalis capsule(MOP) of graded doses(90,270 and 810 mg·kg-1·d-1) groups.Oral treatments were administered daily on the 4th week after ovariectomy and lasted for 12 weeks.The bone mineral density was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP),alkaline phosphatase(AKP),and osteocalcin(OC) levels in the serum and plasma were determined by standard colorimetric and enzyme immunoassays methods.Bone biomechanical properties and morphological parameters were analyzed by three-point bending test and histomorphometry respectively.RESULTS:Morinda officinalis capsules at all doses were able to significantly prevent the OVX-induced loss of bone mass due to diminishing serum AKP and TRAP levels while elevating OC level in the plasma.Morinda officinalis capsules also enhanced the bone strength and prevented the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture.CONCLUSION:Morinda officinalis capsules possess potent anti-osteoporotic activity in OVX rats which could be an effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Chemical profiling of Jinqi Jiangtang tablets by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS

AIM： To profile the chemical constituents in Jinqi Jiangtang tablets. METHOD： Based on the chromatographic retention behavior, fragmentation patterns of chemical components, and published lit- eratures, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrnpole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry （HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS） method was established to characterize and identify components in Jinqi Jiangtang tablets. RESULTS： A total of 52 chemical compounds, including eight iridoid glycosides, seven phenolic acids, twelve alkaloids, six fla- vonoids, and nineteen saponins, were identified in Jinqi Jiangtang tablets. CONCLUSION： The established method could serve as a powerful tool for structural characterization and quality control of this Chinese herbal preparation.

Chemical investigation of the roots of Polygala sibirica L.

AIM:To investigate the chemical constituents of the roots of Polygala sibirica L.(Polygalaceae) METHOD:The isolation was performed by solvent extraction and various chromatographic techniques,including silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,ODS,semi-preparative HPLC,and preparative TLC.The chemical structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis,including HR-ESI-MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data.RESULTS:A total of sixteen compounds,including five xanthones(5,7–10),five saccharide esters(1,3,4,12,13),two flavonoids(14,16),two triterpenoids(11,15),one phenylpropanoid(6),and one benzophenone glycoside(2) were isolated.Their structures were determined as sibiricose A7(1),sibiriphenone A(2),polygalatenoside A(3),polygalatenoside C(4),lancerin(5),3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid(6),6-hydroxy-1,2,3,7-tetramethoxyxanthone(7),1,3,7-trihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone(8),onjixanthone II(9),1,2,3,6,7-pentamethoxyxanthone(10),presenegenin(11),3'-O-3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl-6-O-4-methoxy benzoyl sucrose(12),tenuifoliside C(13),5,3'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavonol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(14),tenuifolin(15),and rhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(16).CONCLUSION:Compounds 1 and 2 are two new compounds from P.sibirica.

Evaluation and SAR analysis of the cytotoxicity of tanshinones in colon cancer cells

AIM:This study was designed to evaluate the anti-cancer actions of tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA,and six derivatives of tanshinone IIA on normal and cancerous colon cells.Structure activity relationship(SAR) analysis was conducted to delineate the significance of the structural modifications of tanshinones for improved anti-cancer action.METHOD:Tanshinone derivatives were designed and synthesized according to the literature.The cytotoxicity of different compounds on colon cancer cells was determined by the MTT assay.Apoptotic activity of the tanshinones was measured by flow cytometry(FCM).RESULTS:Tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA both exhibited significant cytotoxicity on colon cancer cells.They are more effective in p53+/+ colon cancer cell line.It was also noted that the anti-cancer activity of tanshinone I was more potent and selective.Two of the derivatives of tanshinone IIA(N1 and N2) also exhibited cytotoxicity on colon cancer cells.CONCLUSIONS:The anti-colon cancer activity of tanshinone I was more potent and selective than tanshinone IIA,and is p53 dependent.The derivatives obtained by structural modifications of tanshinone IIA exhibited lower cytotoxicity on both normal and colon cancer cells.From steric and electronic characteristics point of view,it was concluded that structural modifications of ring A and furan or dihydrofuran ring D on the basic structure of tanshinones influences the activity.An increase of the delocalization of the A and B rings could enhance the cytotoxicity of such compounds,while a non-planar and small sized D ring region would provide improved anti-cancer activity.

Effect of Trifolium pratense extract on methionine-choline- deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis in C57BL/6 mice

AIM： The potential of Trifolium pratense （red clover） extract in the prevention of lipid disorder has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the aim was to determine whether and how red clover extract affected the development of murine diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. METHOD： Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by feeding mice with a methionine-choline-deficient （MCD） diet. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for histological analyses. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expression levels. RESULTS： Hepatic steatosis and neeroinflammation was observed in MCD diet-fed mice, and this diet-induced steatosis was sig- nificantly attenuated, whereas liver inflammation was not significantly attenuated, by red clover extract treatment. Consistent with the results of H＆E staining, the MCD diet-induced increase of liver triglycerides and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by red clover extract treatment. However, with the improvement in hepatic steatosis, mRNA levels of acetyl CoA oxidase, carnitine palrnitoyl transferase-l, and liver fatty acid-binding protein, three genes regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR） ct, were unaffected. CONCLUSION： Red clover extract alleviated MCD diet-induced hepatic steatosis, but did not ameliorate liver inflammation in C57BL/6 mice, and the improvement in hepatic steatosis was not through activating PPAR^t.

Steroidal saponins from the roots of Asparagus cochinchinensis

AIM： To study the chemical constituents of the roots of Asparagus cochinchinensis （Asparagaceae）. METHOD： The compounds were isolated with Diaion HP20, silica gel, and ODS chromatography, and their structures were de- termined on the basis of chemical methods, HR-ESI-MS, and 1 D- and 2D-NMR techniques. RESULTS： Seven compounds were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of the roots of A. cochinchinensis, and their structures were elucidated as （25S）-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β-furostan-3β, 22a, 26-triol-12-one-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, （25S）-26- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22a-methoxy-5β-furostan-3p, 26-diol-12-one-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）, （25S）-26-O-β-D-glucopyra- nosyl-5β-furostan-3β, 22a, 26-triol （3）, （25S）-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β-furstan-3β, 22a, 26-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （4）, （25S）-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β-furostan-3β, 22a, 26-triol-3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1, 4）-β-D-glucopyranoside （5）, （25S）- 5β-spirostan-3fl-ol-3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside （6）, and （25S）-5β-spirostan-3β-ol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （7）. CONCLUSION： Compounds 1 and 2 were two new furostanol saponins.

Wikstroelide M potently inhibits HIV replication by targeting reverse transcriptase and integrase nuclear translocation

AIM： To evaluate the anti-HIV activity and mechanism of action of wikstroelide M, a daphnane diterpene from Daphne acutiloba Rehder （Thymelaeaceae）. METHOD： The anti-HIV activities of wikstroelide M against different HIV strains were evaluated by cytopathic effect assay and p24 quantification assay with ELISA. The inhibitory effect of wikstroelide M on HIV reverse transcription was analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. The effect of wikstroelide M on HIV-1 integrase nuclear translocation was observed with a cell-based imaging assay. The effect of wikstroelide M on LEDGF/p75-IN interaction was assayed by molecular docking. RESULTS： Wikstroelide M potently inhibited different HIV-1 strains, including HIV-lmn, HIV-1AI7, and HIV-19495, induced a cytopathic effect, with ECs0 values ranging from 3.81 to 15.65 ng.mL-I. Wikstroelide M also had high inhibitory activities against HIV-2noD and HIV-2cBL_20-induced cytopathic effects with ECs0 values of 18.88 and 31.90 ng.mL 1. The inhibitory activities of wikstroelide M on the three HIV-1 strains were further confirmed by p24 quantification assay, with ECs0 values ranging from 15.16 to 35.57 ng.mL-1. Wikstroelide M also potently inhibited HIV-lnm induced cytolysis in MT-4 cells, with an ECs0 value of 9.60 ng.mL ~. The mechanistic assay showed that wikstroelide M targeted HIV-I reverse transcriptase and nuclear translocation of integrase through disrupting the interaction between integrase and LEDGF/p75. CONCLUSION： Wikslroelide M may be a potent HIV-1 and HIV-2 inhibitor, the mechanisms of action may include inhibition of reverse trascriptase activity and inhibition of integrase nuclear Iranslocation through dismpting the interaction between integrase and LEDGF/p75.

Garden rue inhibits the arachidonic acid pathway, scavenges free radicals, and elevates FRAP: role in inflammation

AIM： In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of Ruta graveolens leaves （RG-M） were evaluated using various in vivo and in vitro models. METHOD： For anti-inflammatory activity, RG-M was administered by the oral route （p.o.） in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, and by the intraperitoneal route （i.p.） in an exudative inflammation model. In vitro inhibition of cyelooxygenase and li- poxygenase enzymes was evaluated. In vitro antioxidant activity was also examined. Endogenous antioxidant status was fiarther evaluated by ferric reducing ability of plasma model. RESULTS： RG-M showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced edema （100 mg·kg ^-1- 33.36%; 200 mg·kg ^-1 _ 45.32% and 400 mg·kg ^-1 56.28%）. In the exudative inflammation model, a significant reduction in leukocyte migration （200 mg·kg ^-1_ 54.75% and 400 mg·kg ^-1 - 77.97%） and protein exudation （200 mg·kg ^-131.14% and 400 mg·kg ^-1 - 49.91%） were observed. RG-M also exhibited inhibition of COX-1 （ICs0 182.27 μg·mL ^-1） and COX-2 （IC50 190.16 μg·mL ^-1） as well as 5-LOX （IC50 215.71μg·mL ^-1）. Antioxidant activity was significant with improved endogenous antioxidant status. CONCLUSION： The results demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of RG-M with potent inhibitory effects on the arachidonic acid pathways.

A new quinoline alkaloid from the roots of Dictamnus angustifolius

AIM： To investigate the quinoline alkaloids from the roots ofDictamnus angustifolius G.Don ex Sweet （Rutaceae）. METHOD： The quinoline alkaloids were isolated by various column chromatographic methods and their structures were eluci- dated on the basis of spectral analysis. RESULTS： A new quinoline alkaloid, 5-methoxylrobustine （1）, along with five known quinoline alkaloids were obtained, and their structures were identified as dictamnine （2）, robustine （3）, isopteleine （4）, 7-fagarine （5）, and skimmianine （6）. Cytotoxicity testing of these alkaloids showed that all of them had weak cytotoxic activities against human breast cancer cells （MCF7）. CONCLUSION： Compound 1 is a new quinoline alkaloid. Alkaloid 3 showed stronger anti-proliferation effect than the other al- kaloids.

A new triterpenoid glycoside from Vitex negundo

AIM： To investigate the chemical constituents of Fitex negundo. METHOD： Compounds were isolated by different chromatographic methods and their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS： Four compounds were isolated and identified as 2a, 3a, 24-trihydroxyurs-12, 20（30）-dien-28-oic acid-28-O- β-D-glucopyranosyl ester （1）, corosolic acid （2）, vulgarsaponin A （3） and 2a, 3a, 24-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl ester （4）, respectively. CONCLUSION： Compound I is a new triterpenoid glycoside.

Histological and ultrastructural studies on the toxic effect of pan masala and its amelioration by Elettaria cardamomum

AIM:To investigate the histological and ultrastructural changes observed in pan masala intoxicated mammalian testes under the effect of cardamom.METHOD:Male Swiss mice were given pan masala orally at a dose of 2% of the feed and cardamom at a dose of 0.2% of the feed.They were divided into three groups,control(Group I),pan masala-treated(Group II),and a combination of pan masala and cardamom-treated group(Group III).Histologically,the testes of Group II mice displayed degeneration of tubular epithelium,disruption of spermatogenesis,and a marked reduction in germ cells.RESULTS:When cardamom was given,damage was less with fewer distorted cells and also improvement with normal tubules and spermatid differentiation in Group III.Ultrastructurally,pan masala-treated testes showed cytoplasmic vacuolation,shrinkage and pyknotic nuclei of spermatogonia,and abnormal acrosomal granules.CONCLUSION:When cardamom was given,the amelioration process was more evident showing a comparable morphology with control.

Effect of Ipomea carnea Jacq. flowers on hematological changes in toluene diisocyanate-induced inflammation in Wistar rats

AIM： To investigate the active chloroform fraction of the ethanol extract oflpomoea carnea flowers on hematological changes in toluene diisocyanate-induced inflammation in Wistar rats. METHOD： Except for the control group, all of the rats were sensitized with intranasal application of 5 μL of 10% toluene diiso- cyanate （TDI） for 7 days. One week after second sensitization, all of the rats were provoked with 5 ~tL of 5% TDI to induce airway hypersensitivity. After the last challenge, blood and bronchoalvelor lavage （BAL） fluid were collected and subjected to total and differential leucocytes count. Flash chromatography was performed on the most active chloroform fraction to isolate an individual component. RESULTS： Treatment with the ethanolic extract and its chloroform fraction at an oral dose of 200 mg·kg^ -1 showed a significant decrease in circulating neutrophil and eosinophil in blood and BAL as compared with standard dexamethasone （DEXA）. The structure of the compound obtained from chloroform fraction oflpomea carnea was elucidated as stigmast-5, 22-dien-3β-ol on the basis of spectral data analysis. CONCLUSION： The chloroform fraction was found to be more effective to suppress airway hyper reactivity symptoms, and de- creased count of both total and differential inflammatory cells.