关于药学物理实验课双语教学的探索

在介绍医学院校药学物理实验课双语教学必要性及可行性的基础上，结合实践总结了一些医学院校在药学物理实验课教学过程中所存在的问题，提出了其双语教学的基本原则和方法。

Preparation and quality assessment of high-purity ginseng total saponins by ion exchange resin combined with macroporous adsorption resin separation

AIM： To prepare high-purity ginseng total saponins from a water decoction of Chinese ginseng root.METHOD： Total saponins were efficiently purified by dynamic anion-cation exchange following the removal of hydrophilic impurities by macroporous resin D101. For quality control, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with a charged aerosol detector （CAD） was applied to quantify marker components. The total saponin content was estimated by a colorimetric method using a vanillin-vitriol system and CAD response. RESULTS： D201, which consisted of a cross-linked polystyrene matrix and -]N＋（CI-13）3 functional groups, was the best of the four anion exchange resins tested. However, no significant difference in cation exchange ability was observed between D001 （strong acid） and D 113 （weak acid）, although they have different functional groups and matrices. After purification in combination with D101, D201, and D 113, the estimated contents of total saponins were 107% and 90% according to the colorimetric method and CAD response, respectively. The total amount of representative ginsenosides Re, Rd, Rgl, and compound K was approximately 22% based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-CAD quantitative analysis. CONCLUSION： These findings suggest that an ion exchange resin, combined with macroporous adsorption resin separation, is a promising and feasible purification procedure for neutral natural polar components.

Ma Huang Tang ameliorates asthma though modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokines and inhibition of Th17 cells in ovalbumin-sensitized mice

AIM： Ma Huang Tang （Ephedra decoction, MHT） is a famous classical formula from Shang Han Lun by Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty. The anti-asthmatic effects of MHT and the possible mechanisms were tested. METHOD： An asthma model was established by ovalbumin （OVA）-induction in mice. A total of forty-eight mice were randomly assigned to six experimental groups： control, model, dexamethasone （2 mg·kg^-1） and MHT （5, 10, and 20 mg·kg^-1）. Airway resistance （Raw） was measured by the forced oscillation technique, histological studies were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining, Thl/Th2 and Th17 cytokines were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, and Thl7 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry （FCM）.RESULTS： This study demonstrated that MHT inhibited OVA-induced increases in Raw and eosinophil cotmt; interleukin （IL）-4 and IL-17 levels were recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, increased IFN-γ level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histological studies demonstrated that MHT substantially inhibited OVA-induced eosinophilia in lung tissue. Flow cytometry studies demonstrated that MHT substantially inhibited Thl 7 cells.CONCLUSION： These findings suggest that MHT may effectively ameliorate the progression of asthma, and could be further investigated for potential use as a therapy for patients with allergic asthma,

Study of the anti-MRSA activity of Rhizoma coptidis by chemical fingerprinting and broth microdilution methods

AIM： Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） is a pathogenic bacterium that causes both hospital- and community-acquired infections, and for which single-drug treatments are becoming less efficient. Rhizoma coptidis has been used for more than two thousand years in China to treat diarrhea, fever, and jaundice. In this study, the anti-MRSA activity of Rhizoma coptidis is examined and its effective components sought. METHODS： The mecA and norA genes were determined by PCR amplification and sequencing. Drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 was performed using the VITEK2 compact system. The chemical fingerprint of Rhizoma coptidis was investigated using HPLC and preparative liquid chromatography, and the anti-MRSA activity was determined using an improved broth microdilution method. RESULTS： The drug susceptibility test revealed that the penicillin-binding protein phenotype of the strain changed in comparison to penicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Ten batches of Rhizoma coptidis showed anti-MRSA activity on the norA-negative Staphylococcus aureus strain, as well as the strain that contained a norA gene. The spectrum-effect relationship revealed that the berberine alkaloids were the effective components, within which berberine, coptisine, palmatine, epiberberine,, and jatrorrhizine were the major components. CONCLUSION： This study lays a foundation for in vivo studies of Rhizoma eoptidis and for the development of multi-component drugs.

Modified Si-Miao-San ameliorates pancreatic B cell dysfunction by inhibition of reactive oxygen species-associated inflammation through AMP-kinase activation

AIM： To observe the effect of modified Si-Miao-San （mSMS） on advanced glycation end products （AGEs）-induced pancreatic B cell dysfunction, as well as examining the underlying mechanisms.METHOD： Pancreatic B cells （INS-l） were stimulated with advanced glycation end products （AGEs, 200 μg.mL^-1） for 24 h to produce dysfunction in pancreatic B cells and the effects of mSMS observed on insulin secretion, NF-κB （p65） phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species （ROS） production, mitochondria membrane potential （△ψm）, cell apoptosis, phosphorylation of AMP-kinase （AMPK）, and caspase 3 activity. RESULTS： The AGEs challenge resulted in increased basal insulin secretion, but decreased insulin secretion in response to high glucose, whereas this situation was reversed by mSMS treatment. AGEs stimulation induced NF-κB （p65） phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species （ROS） production, as well as Agtm collapse and cell apoptosis, mSMS inhibited ROS production and inhibited NF-κB activation by attenuating p65 phosphorylation. Meanwhile, AGEs-induced A^m collapse and cell apoptosis were also reversed by mSMS treatment. Compound C, an inhibitor of AMP-Kinase （AMPK）, abolished the beneficial effects of mSMS on the regulation of B cell fimction, indicatin~ the involvement of AMPK. cONCLUSION： mSMS ameliorated AGEs-induced B cell dysfimction by suppressing ROS-associated inflammation, and this action was related to its beneficial regulation of AMPK activity.

Yang-tonifying traditional Chinese medicinal plants and their potential phytoandrogenic activity

The concept of phytoandrogens, plants that contain androgens or those that stimulate androgenic activity in men, is relatively new. In traditional Chinese medicine a number of phytoandrogens are classified in medicinal plant restoratives for reinforcing yang, and they find their application in the treatment of the kidney yang deficiency diseases. In this review, the phytoandrogens used in traditional Chinese medicine are listed, and their proven applications in the treatment of kidney yang deficiency diseases, such as sexual disorders, cancer, and obesity and associated metabolic syndromes are presented. As a background, the mechanism of action of androgens, their synthesis and metabolism, the interrelations of androgens and estrogens, as well as the state of art methods to detect and analyze these hormonal activities in medicinal plants are discussed.

A new flavonol C-glycoside and a rare bioactive lignanamide from Piper wallichii Miq. Hand.-Mazz

This study was conducted to investigate the chemical constituents of Piper wallichii （Miq.） Hand.-Mazz. and evaluate their biological activity. Compounds were isolated by various column chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physical characteristics and spectral data. The 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH）-scavenging activity and acetylcholinesterase （AChE）-inhibitory activity of the compounds were evaluated. Five compounds were obtained and identified as 8-C-β-D-glucopyranosylkaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, 1, 2-dihydro-6,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxy-l-（3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl）-N^1, N^2-bis-[2-（4-hydroxyphenyl）ethyl]-2, 3-naphthalene dicarboxamide （2）, goniothalactam （3）, aristololactam A IIla （4） and piperlonguminine （5）. Compound 1 was a new flavonol C-glycoside, 2 was a rare lignanamide, which was isolated from the family Piperaceae for the first time, and compound 3 was isolated from this plant for the first time. Among them, 2 showed potent DPPH-scavenging activity, with IC50 of 31.38 ± 0.97 μmol·L^-1; Compounds 2, 3, and 4 showed AChE inhibitory activity at 100 μmol·L^-1, with inhibition rates of 28.57% ± 1.47%, 18.48% ± 2.41% and 17.4% ±3.03%, respectively.

Effects of feeding tyrosine and phenylalanine on the accumulation of phenylethanoid glycosides to Cistanche deserticola cell suspension culture

AIM: To investigate the effects of feeding phenylalanine(Phe) and tyrosine(Tyr) on the accumulation of total phenolic compounds and four phenylethanoid glycosides(PeGs) to a cell suspension culture of the parasitic plant Cistanche deserticola. METHOD: A cell suspension culture of C. deserticola was established and precursors of different concentrations were fed. In each group, the cell was sampled at the 24th day after inoculation. The content of total phenolic compounds and four PeGs compounds were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and an HPLC method, respectively. RESULTS: In the Phe fed cells, the maximum PeGs yield was achieved when Phe was fed at 1.5 mmol·L-1 and the yield reached 1.13 times the control cell concentration. In the Tyr fed cells, the maximum yield of PeGs was 1.60 times of control when 0.75 mmol·L-1 Tyr was fed to the cells. Furthermore, it was found that the salidroside yield was 4.01 times of control group when 5 mmol·L-1 Tyr was fed. CONCLUSION: Tyr is a better precursor for PeGs accumulation compared with Phe, and the rate limiting enzymes might be involved in the Tyr branch.

Indigenous plant medicines for health care:treatment of Diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia

Medicinal plants have played an important role in treating and preventing a variety of diseases throughout the world. Metabolic syndrome had become a global epidemic, defined as a cluster of three of five criteria： insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, low high-density cholesterol, and hypertriglyeeridemia. The current review fo- cuses on Indian medicinal plant drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill-effects of diabetes and hyperlipidemia and its secondary complications, plant-based drugs are preferred due to lesser side effects and low cost. The current review focuses on twenty-three medicinal plants used in the treatment of Diabe- tes mellitus and nine medicinal plants used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. The wealth of knowledge on medicinal plants points to a great potential for research and the discovery of new drugs to fight diseases, including diabetes and hyperlipidemia.

A new Lycopodium alkaloid from Phlegmariurus fargesii

AIM: To investigate the chemical constituents from the whole plants of Phlegmariurus fargesii. METHOD: Compounds were isolated by repeated silica gel column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical correlation. The acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitory activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated. RESULTS: A new Lycopodium alkaloid, lycopodine N-oxide(1), along with lycopodine(2), 8,15-dehydrolycopodine(3), 6α-hydroxylycopodine(4), deacetyllycoclavine(5), N-methylhuperzine B(6), lycodine(7), and phlegmarine(8), was isolated. CONCLUSION: Compound 1 is a new Lycopodium alkaloid, and compound 3 was obtained from nature for the first time. Other alkaloids are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Cardioprotective and antioxidant effects of oleogum resin "Olibanum" from Boswellia carteri Birdw.(Bursearceae)

One of the leading causes of death worldwide is cardiovascular disease, hence searching for a cure is an important endeavor. The totally safe, edible, and inexpensive Boswellia plant exudate, known as olibanum or frankincense, is considered to possess diverse medicinal values in traditional medicine and from recent biological studies. Investigating the cardioprotective and antioxidant activities of olibanum from a Bo~＇wellia species, family Bursearaceae, namely Boswellia carteri Birdw. was the aim of this study. Cardioprotective activity was evaluated using a model of myocardial infarction induced by isoprenaline （ISO）, while antioxidant activity was tested adopting nitric oxide scavenging （NOS） and azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid （ABTS） assays. The results revealed a mild cardioprotecfive effect and weak antioxidant activity.