With its long-term empirical clinical practice and increasing number of health benefits reported,Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)is gaining increasing global acceptance.Importantly,the identification of chemical constituen...With its long-term empirical clinical practice and increasing number of health benefits reported,Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)is gaining increasing global acceptance.Importantly,the identification of chemical constituents in vitro and exposed forms in vivo is a prerequisite for understanding how CMM formulae prevent and treat diseases.This review systematically summarizes the exciting and magical journey of CMM components from compound formulae to where they fight,the possible structural transformation of CMM components in vitro and in vivo,and their pharmacological contribution.When a decoction is prepared,significant chemical reactions are observed,including degradation and production of polymers and self-assembling supramolecules,leading to the construction of a component library with diverse decoction structures.After ingestion,compounds pass through the intestinal and blood-brain barriers and undergo a more wonderful journey involving the gut microbiota,microbial enzymes,and endogenous drug-metabolizing enzymes(mainly liver enzymes).At this stage,they are modified and assembled into novel and complex compounds,such as newly generated metabolites,conjugates,and self-assembling superamolecules.This review might provide a strategic orientation to explore the active compounds of CMM formulae in vivo.展开更多
Growing literature has demonstrated that exercise may be an effective prevention and treatment option for drug addiction. In the past few years, many studies have suggested that there were sex differences in all phase...Growing literature has demonstrated that exercise may be an effective prevention and treatment option for drug addiction. In the past few years, many studies have suggested that there were sex differences in all phases of drug addiction. However, very limited research has investigated sex differences in the effectiveness of exercise intervention in drug addiction and rehabilitation. In this mini review, we summarize the effect of sex on the results of using exercise to prevent and treat drug addiction. The studies we consider span various animal models and use multiple types of exercise to examine the effectiveness of exercise on the neurobiological mechanism of exercise rehabilitation. We believe that exercise as an adjuvant intervention strategy can be applied better in drug addiction prevention and recovery. Copyright 2014, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
AIM:To compare program costs of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) screening and treatment using Australian and other published CHB treatment guidelines.METHODS:Economic modeling demonstrated that in Australia a strategy of hep...AIM:To compare program costs of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) screening and treatment using Australian and other published CHB treatment guidelines.METHODS:Economic modeling demonstrated that in Australia a strategy of hepatocellular cancer(HCC) prevention in patients with CHB is more cost-effective than current standard care,or HCC screening.Based upon this model,we developed the B positive program to optimize CHB management of Australians born in countries of high CHB prevalence.We estimated CHB program costs using the B positive program algorithm and compared them to estimated costs of using the CHB treatment guidelines published by the AsianPacific,American and European Associations for the Study of Liver Disease(APASL,AASLD,EASL) and those suggested by an independent United States hepatology panel.We used a Markov model that factored in the costs of CHB screening and treatment,individualized by viral load and alanine aminotransferase levels,and calculated the relative costs of program components.Costs were discounted by 5% and calculated in Australian dollars(AUD).RESULTS:Using the B positive algorithm,total program costs amount to 13 979 224 AUD,or 9634 AUD per patient.The least costly strategy is based upon using the AASLD guidelines,which would cost 34% less than our B positive algorithm.Using the EASL and the United States Expert Group guidelines would increase program costs by 46%.The largest expenditure relates to the cost of drug treatment(66.9% of total program costs).The contribution of CHB surveillance(20.2%) and HCC screening and surveillance(6.6%) is small-and together they represent only approximately a quarter of the total program costs.CONCLUSION:The significant cost variations in CHB screening and treatment using different guidelines are relevant for clinicians and policy makers involved in designing population-based disease control programs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873192 and 81202877)Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Tianjin(2021YJSB288 and YJSKC-20211004)the Science and Technology Program of Tianjin(Grant No.20ZYJDJC00070)
文摘With its long-term empirical clinical practice and increasing number of health benefits reported,Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)is gaining increasing global acceptance.Importantly,the identification of chemical constituents in vitro and exposed forms in vivo is a prerequisite for understanding how CMM formulae prevent and treat diseases.This review systematically summarizes the exciting and magical journey of CMM components from compound formulae to where they fight,the possible structural transformation of CMM components in vitro and in vivo,and their pharmacological contribution.When a decoction is prepared,significant chemical reactions are observed,including degradation and production of polymers and self-assembling supramolecules,leading to the construction of a component library with diverse decoction structures.After ingestion,compounds pass through the intestinal and blood-brain barriers and undergo a more wonderful journey involving the gut microbiota,microbial enzymes,and endogenous drug-metabolizing enzymes(mainly liver enzymes).At this stage,they are modified and assembled into novel and complex compounds,such as newly generated metabolites,conjugates,and self-assembling superamolecules.This review might provide a strategic orientation to explore the active compounds of CMM formulae in vivo.
基金supported by grants from the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(NO.13490503600)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.31171004)
文摘Growing literature has demonstrated that exercise may be an effective prevention and treatment option for drug addiction. In the past few years, many studies have suggested that there were sex differences in all phases of drug addiction. However, very limited research has investigated sex differences in the effectiveness of exercise intervention in drug addiction and rehabilitation. In this mini review, we summarize the effect of sex on the results of using exercise to prevent and treat drug addiction. The studies we consider span various animal models and use multiple types of exercise to examine the effectiveness of exercise on the neurobiological mechanism of exercise rehabilitation. We believe that exercise as an adjuvant intervention strategy can be applied better in drug addiction prevention and recovery. Copyright 2014, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
基金Supported by A Cancer Council NSW grant,to George Jthe Robert W Storr bequest to the Sydney Medical Foundationgrants from the NHMRC
文摘AIM:To compare program costs of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) screening and treatment using Australian and other published CHB treatment guidelines.METHODS:Economic modeling demonstrated that in Australia a strategy of hepatocellular cancer(HCC) prevention in patients with CHB is more cost-effective than current standard care,or HCC screening.Based upon this model,we developed the B positive program to optimize CHB management of Australians born in countries of high CHB prevalence.We estimated CHB program costs using the B positive program algorithm and compared them to estimated costs of using the CHB treatment guidelines published by the AsianPacific,American and European Associations for the Study of Liver Disease(APASL,AASLD,EASL) and those suggested by an independent United States hepatology panel.We used a Markov model that factored in the costs of CHB screening and treatment,individualized by viral load and alanine aminotransferase levels,and calculated the relative costs of program components.Costs were discounted by 5% and calculated in Australian dollars(AUD).RESULTS:Using the B positive algorithm,total program costs amount to 13 979 224 AUD,or 9634 AUD per patient.The least costly strategy is based upon using the AASLD guidelines,which would cost 34% less than our B positive algorithm.Using the EASL and the United States Expert Group guidelines would increase program costs by 46%.The largest expenditure relates to the cost of drug treatment(66.9% of total program costs).The contribution of CHB surveillance(20.2%) and HCC screening and surveillance(6.6%) is small-and together they represent only approximately a quarter of the total program costs.CONCLUSION:The significant cost variations in CHB screening and treatment using different guidelines are relevant for clinicians and policy makers involved in designing population-based disease control programs.
