In order to accurately forecast the load of power system and enhance the stability of the power network, a novel unascertained mathematics based recurrent neural network (UMRNN) for power intelligence center (PIC) was...In order to accurately forecast the load of power system and enhance the stability of the power network, a novel unascertained mathematics based recurrent neural network (UMRNN) for power intelligence center (PIC) was created through three steps. First, by combining with the general project uncertain element transmission theory (GPUET), the basic definitions of stochastic, fuzzy, and grey uncertain elements were given based on the principal types of uncertain information. Second, a power dynamic alliance including four sectors: generation sector, transmission sector, distribution sector and customers was established. The key factors were amended according to the four transmission topologies of uncertain elements, thus the new factors entered the power intelligence center as the input elements. Finally, in the intelligence handing background of PIC, by performing uncertain and recursive process to the input values of network, and combining unascertained mathematics, the novel load forecasting model was built. Three different approaches were put forward to forecast an eastern regional power grid load in China. The root mean square error (ERMS) demonstrates that the forecasting accuracy of the proposed model UMRNN is 3% higher than that of BP neural network (BPNN), and 5% higher than that of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). Besides, an example also shows that the average relative error of the first quarter of 2008 forecasted by UMRNN is only 2.59%, which has high precision.展开更多
Worldwide the introduction of dispersed generators (DG) in the distribution network is assuming a significant importance. There is an increasing relevance of the energy process efficiency improvement; as for electri...Worldwide the introduction of dispersed generators (DG) in the distribution network is assuming a significant importance. There is an increasing relevance of the energy process efficiency improvement; as for electric power systems, the most interesting perspective concerns the capability of the system to increase the exploitation of the renewable resources. The integration of DGs in the electric distribution network requires a revision of this infrastructure, so far designed and developed assuming that power flows in one direction: from the high voltage transmission network to the medium voltage distribution, to reach final customers on the low voltage network. The attention to an efficient operation of distribution networks is increasing all over the world; this interest is becoming higher and higher also in Italy, where the high energy prices push in the direction of fostering efficiency as much as possible. This work describes a study developed in the AlpEnergy project framework: an International Cooperation Program aimed at introducing an efficient operational model for the distributed production and consumption. In particular it is proposed a new model for the integration and the management of the DG in the distribution network. The new model (defined VPS: Virtual Power System) is based on a communication channel between the active users (generators), the loads and, eventually, the Distribution System Operators (DSOs).展开更多
Voltage profiles of feeders with the connection of distributed generations(DGs) were investigated.A unified typical load distribution model was established.Based on this model,exact expressions of feeder voltage profi...Voltage profiles of feeders with the connection of distributed generations(DGs) were investigated.A unified typical load distribution model was established.Based on this model,exact expressions of feeder voltage profile with single and double DGs were derived and used to analyze the impact of DG's location and capacity on the voltage profile quantitatively.Then,a general formula of the voltage profile was derived.The limitation of single DG and necessity of multiple DGs for voltage regulation were also discussed.Through the simulation,voltage profiles of feeders with single and double DGs were compared.The voltage excursion rate is 7.40% for only one DG,while 2.48% and 2.36% for double DGs.It is shown that the feeder voltage can be retained in a more appropriate range with multiple DGs than with only one DG.Distributing the total capacity of DGs is better than concentrating it at one point.展开更多
Applications of electric vehicles need to build a large number of charging stations. The electric vehicle charging stations communicate with the grid. In V2G (vehicle to grid) mode, electric vehicles can be used as ...Applications of electric vehicles need to build a large number of charging stations. The electric vehicle charging stations communicate with the grid. In V2G (vehicle to grid) mode, electric vehicles can be used as energy storage units and transfer power to the grid. The electric vehicles charge at night to reduce the cost and the grid load, simultaneously to fill the valley. When grid load increases, electric vehicles' batteries discharge to the grid to improve the stability of the grid. As distributed storage units, electric vehicles are important components of the smart grid. In this paper, the three-phase PWM (pulse width modulation) rectifier used for smart charging and discharging system of electric vehicles are analyzed and designed. This paper includes the principle of PWM rectifier-inverter and direct current control strategy. Also, the SVPWM (space vector pulse width modulation) and system design of three-phase PWM rectifiers are analyzed. A 10 kW prototype is developed. Simulation and experiment results show that the three-phase PWM rectifiers reach the unit power factor. From the experimental results, PWM rectifier implements the sinusoidal grid current and achieves the unit power factor.展开更多
In the current study, the efficiency of Wavelet-based Least Square Support Vector Machine (WLSSVM) model was examined for prediction of daily and monthly Suspended Sediment Load (SSL) of the Mississippi River. For...In the current study, the efficiency of Wavelet-based Least Square Support Vector Machine (WLSSVM) model was examined for prediction of daily and monthly Suspended Sediment Load (SSL) of the Mississippi River. For this purpose, in the first step, SSL was predicted via ad hoc LSSVM and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models; then, streamflow and SSL data were decomposed into sub- signals via wavelet, and these decomposed sub-time series were imposed to LSSVM and ANN to simulate discharge-SSL relationship. Finally, the ability of WLSSVM was compared with other models in multi- step-ahead SSL predictions. The results showed that in daily SSL prediction, LSSVM has better outcomes with Determination Coefficient (DC)=o.92 than ad hoc ANN with DC=o.88. However unlike daily SSL, in monthly modeling, ANN has a bit accurate upshot. WLSSVM and wavelet-based ANN (WANN) models showed same consequences in daily and different in monthly SSL predictions, and adding wavelet led to more accuracy of LSSVM and ANN. Furthermore, conjunction of wavelet to LSSVM and ANN evaluated via multi-step-ahead SSL predictions and, e.g., DCLssVM=0.4 was increased to the DCwLsSVM=0.71 in 7- day ahead SSL prediction. In addition, WLSSVM outperformed WANN by increment of time horizon prediction.展开更多
It is to be expected that the number of electric vehicles will be growing in the near future. This trend comes together with the development of smaller decentralized generation units, like PV (photo voltaic). Togeth...It is to be expected that the number of electric vehicles will be growing in the near future. This trend comes together with the development of smaller decentralized generation units, like PV (photo voltaic). Together with the change on demand side that comes with the global "electrification", this can lead to serious grid congestion in low voltage grids and massive grid investments in solving this congestion. Smart charging can partly solve this issue, but with using a connected EV (electric vehicle) as a small distribution unit, combined with bi-directional charging or V2G (vehicle-to-grid) technology, these investments can be reduced to a minimum. In Lombok, Utrecht, the Netherlands, an innovative pilot was initiated with smart solar charging stations, shared electric vehicles and AC (alternating current) V2G technology. This unique combination proves that EVs are an opportunity for the grid rather than a threat. A unique partnership with OEM Renault was established to develop an AC V2G vehicle product line and work on open standardized communication between the EV, the charging station and the grid.展开更多
基金Projects(70572090, 70373017) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to accurately forecast the load of power system and enhance the stability of the power network, a novel unascertained mathematics based recurrent neural network (UMRNN) for power intelligence center (PIC) was created through three steps. First, by combining with the general project uncertain element transmission theory (GPUET), the basic definitions of stochastic, fuzzy, and grey uncertain elements were given based on the principal types of uncertain information. Second, a power dynamic alliance including four sectors: generation sector, transmission sector, distribution sector and customers was established. The key factors were amended according to the four transmission topologies of uncertain elements, thus the new factors entered the power intelligence center as the input elements. Finally, in the intelligence handing background of PIC, by performing uncertain and recursive process to the input values of network, and combining unascertained mathematics, the novel load forecasting model was built. Three different approaches were put forward to forecast an eastern regional power grid load in China. The root mean square error (ERMS) demonstrates that the forecasting accuracy of the proposed model UMRNN is 3% higher than that of BP neural network (BPNN), and 5% higher than that of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). Besides, an example also shows that the average relative error of the first quarter of 2008 forecasted by UMRNN is only 2.59%, which has high precision.
文摘Worldwide the introduction of dispersed generators (DG) in the distribution network is assuming a significant importance. There is an increasing relevance of the energy process efficiency improvement; as for electric power systems, the most interesting perspective concerns the capability of the system to increase the exploitation of the renewable resources. The integration of DGs in the electric distribution network requires a revision of this infrastructure, so far designed and developed assuming that power flows in one direction: from the high voltage transmission network to the medium voltage distribution, to reach final customers on the low voltage network. The attention to an efficient operation of distribution networks is increasing all over the world; this interest is becoming higher and higher also in Italy, where the high energy prices push in the direction of fostering efficiency as much as possible. This work describes a study developed in the AlpEnergy project framework: an International Cooperation Program aimed at introducing an efficient operational model for the distributed production and consumption. In particular it is proposed a new model for the integration and the management of the DG in the distribution network. The new model (defined VPS: Virtual Power System) is based on a communication channel between the active users (generators), the loads and, eventually, the Distribution System Operators (DSOs).
基金Projects(60904101,60972164) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(N090404009) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesProject(20090461187) supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘Voltage profiles of feeders with the connection of distributed generations(DGs) were investigated.A unified typical load distribution model was established.Based on this model,exact expressions of feeder voltage profile with single and double DGs were derived and used to analyze the impact of DG's location and capacity on the voltage profile quantitatively.Then,a general formula of the voltage profile was derived.The limitation of single DG and necessity of multiple DGs for voltage regulation were also discussed.Through the simulation,voltage profiles of feeders with single and double DGs were compared.The voltage excursion rate is 7.40% for only one DG,while 2.48% and 2.36% for double DGs.It is shown that the feeder voltage can be retained in a more appropriate range with multiple DGs than with only one DG.Distributing the total capacity of DGs is better than concentrating it at one point.
文摘Applications of electric vehicles need to build a large number of charging stations. The electric vehicle charging stations communicate with the grid. In V2G (vehicle to grid) mode, electric vehicles can be used as energy storage units and transfer power to the grid. The electric vehicles charge at night to reduce the cost and the grid load, simultaneously to fill the valley. When grid load increases, electric vehicles' batteries discharge to the grid to improve the stability of the grid. As distributed storage units, electric vehicles are important components of the smart grid. In this paper, the three-phase PWM (pulse width modulation) rectifier used for smart charging and discharging system of electric vehicles are analyzed and designed. This paper includes the principle of PWM rectifier-inverter and direct current control strategy. Also, the SVPWM (space vector pulse width modulation) and system design of three-phase PWM rectifiers are analyzed. A 10 kW prototype is developed. Simulation and experiment results show that the three-phase PWM rectifiers reach the unit power factor. From the experimental results, PWM rectifier implements the sinusoidal grid current and achieves the unit power factor.
基金supported by the University of Tabriz under grant No. 1117394325
文摘In the current study, the efficiency of Wavelet-based Least Square Support Vector Machine (WLSSVM) model was examined for prediction of daily and monthly Suspended Sediment Load (SSL) of the Mississippi River. For this purpose, in the first step, SSL was predicted via ad hoc LSSVM and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models; then, streamflow and SSL data were decomposed into sub- signals via wavelet, and these decomposed sub-time series were imposed to LSSVM and ANN to simulate discharge-SSL relationship. Finally, the ability of WLSSVM was compared with other models in multi- step-ahead SSL predictions. The results showed that in daily SSL prediction, LSSVM has better outcomes with Determination Coefficient (DC)=o.92 than ad hoc ANN with DC=o.88. However unlike daily SSL, in monthly modeling, ANN has a bit accurate upshot. WLSSVM and wavelet-based ANN (WANN) models showed same consequences in daily and different in monthly SSL predictions, and adding wavelet led to more accuracy of LSSVM and ANN. Furthermore, conjunction of wavelet to LSSVM and ANN evaluated via multi-step-ahead SSL predictions and, e.g., DCLssVM=0.4 was increased to the DCwLsSVM=0.71 in 7- day ahead SSL prediction. In addition, WLSSVM outperformed WANN by increment of time horizon prediction.
文摘It is to be expected that the number of electric vehicles will be growing in the near future. This trend comes together with the development of smaller decentralized generation units, like PV (photo voltaic). Together with the change on demand side that comes with the global "electrification", this can lead to serious grid congestion in low voltage grids and massive grid investments in solving this congestion. Smart charging can partly solve this issue, but with using a connected EV (electric vehicle) as a small distribution unit, combined with bi-directional charging or V2G (vehicle-to-grid) technology, these investments can be reduced to a minimum. In Lombok, Utrecht, the Netherlands, an innovative pilot was initiated with smart solar charging stations, shared electric vehicles and AC (alternating current) V2G technology. This unique combination proves that EVs are an opportunity for the grid rather than a threat. A unique partnership with OEM Renault was established to develop an AC V2G vehicle product line and work on open standardized communication between the EV, the charging station and the grid.