吸收剂荷电、增湿活化烟气脱硫工艺的初步分析

从我国 FGD实际情况 ,分析 ACMA FGD工艺特点、经济性和脱硫有效性 ,认为 ACMA工艺是一种简易、有效、经济、可靠的 FGD工艺之一。图 2参

荷电干吸收剂喷射脱硫系统

通过引进美国荷电干吸收剂喷射脱硫技术在德州热电厂改造工程的应用实际，介绍了该项脱硫系统的主要设备、工作原理和技术指标，在投资、脱硫效果及运行成本等项目上进行了综合测算和评价，认为加强改进和国产化工作。

广州造纸厂高压热电站锅炉烟气脱硫工艺简介──荷电干式吸收剂喷射脱硫系统

通过工程设计应用，简要介绍荷电干式吸收剂喷射脱硫系统，该系统是锅炉烟气脱硫工艺中一种投资少、效益好、工艺简单、可靠性强而占地面积极少的新技术，是一种比较适合我国国情的脱硫技术之一。

荷电干吸收剂喷射脱硫系统(CDSI)

目前,国际上成熟的烟气脱硫技术主要以湿法及半干法为主,我国从80年代起相继引进湿法及半干法的脱硫技术,并取得了一定的成效。但是由于这两种技术工艺流程复杂,投资大,运行成本高,因此绝大部分企业经济难以承担、多年来,环保部门和企业一直在寻找一种投资少、运行成本低的脱硫技术。1994年山东德州热电厂结合一期节能技术改造工程,引进美国阿兰柯环境资源公司(ALANCO EN-VIRONMENTAL RESOURCE CORP·)的荷电干吸收剂喷射脱硫技术(CDSI),并于1995年建成运行。

彩色显影剂——一个新的机遇和挑战

基于静电成像的全彩色打印和复印技术正迅猛发展,近几年已得到应用,彩色打印机和复印机的市场占有率不断扩大并稳步增长,同时带动了彩色显影剂的快速增长。这对于所有的显影剂制造商来说,是空前的机遇也是巨大的挑战。基于多年的研发与生产墨粉的经验,简要介绍了彩色显影剂的相关研究。

Single-atom modified graphene cocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction on halide perovskite

Metal halide perovskite(MHP)has become one of the most promising materials for photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction owing to the wide light absorption range,negative conduction band position and high reduction ability.However,photoreduction of CO_(2) by MHP remains a challenge because of the slow charge separation and transfer.Herein,a cobalt single-atom modified nitrogen-doped graphene(Co-NG)cocatalyst is prepared for enhanced photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction of bismuth-based MHP Cs_(3)Bi_(2)Br_(9).The optimal Cs_(3)Bi_(2)Br_(9)/Co-NG composite exhibits the CO production rate of 123.16μmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which is 17.3 times higher than that of Cs_(3)Bi_(2)Br_(9).Moreover,the Cs_(3)Bi_(2)Br_(9)/Co-NG composite photocatalyst exhibits nearly 100% CO selectivity as well as impressive long-term stability.Charge carrier dynamic characterizations such as Kelvin probe force microscopy(KPFM),single-particle PL microscope and transient absorption(TA)spectroscopy demonstrate the vital role of Co-NG cocatalyst in accelerating the transfer and separation of photogenerated charges and improving photocatalytic performance.The reaction mechanism has been demonstrated by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy measurement.In addition,in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy test and theoretical calculation reveal the reaction reactive sites and reaction energy barriers,demonstrating that the introduction of Co-NG promotes the formation of ^(*)COOH intermediate,providing sufficient evidence for the highly selective generation of CO.This work provides an effective single-atom-based cocatalyst modification strategy for photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction and is expected to shed light on other photocatalytic applications.

Photo-depositing Ru and RuO2 on Anatase TiO2 Nanosheets as Co-catalysts for Photocatalytic O2 Evolution from Water Oxidation

TiO2 nanosheets mainly exposed （001） facet were prepared through a hydrothermal process with HF as the morphology-directing agent. Ru and RuO2 species were loaded by photo-deposition methods to prepare the photocatalysts. The structural features of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray di raction, transmission electron microscopy, inductively cou-pled plasma atomic emission spectrum, and H2 Temperature-programmed reduction. The photocatalytic property was studied by the O2 evolution from water oxidation, which was examined with respect to the in uences of Ru contents as well as the oxidation and reduction treatments, suggesting the charge separation effect of the Ru species co-catalysts on di erent facets of TiO2 nanosheets. In contrast to Ru/TiO2 and RuO2/TiO2 with the single deposited co-catalyst, the optimized catalyst 0.5%Ru-1.0%RuO2/TiO2 with dual co-catalysts achieved a much improved catalytic performance, in terms of the synergetic effect of dual co-catalysts and the enhanced charge separation effect.

Synthesis of PdS-CdSe@CdS-Au nanorods with asymmetric tips with improved H_2 production efficiency in water splitting and increased photostability

Charge separation is a crucial problem in photocatalysis.We used a wet‐chemical method to synthesize asymmetrically tipped PdS‐CdSe‐seeded CdS(CdSe@CdS)‐Au nanorod(NR)heterostructures(HCs).In these HCs,electrons and holes are rapidly separated and transported to opposite ends of the NRs by internal electric fields.Their ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectra showed strong electronic coupling between both tips and the CdS body.PdS‐CdSe@CdS‐Au achieved a H2production rate of ca.1100?mol in5h;this is two orders of magnitude greater than the rate achieved with Au‐CdSe@CdS NRs with only one tip.PdS‐CdSe@CdS‐Au NRs can withstand4h of photoirradiation,compared to1.5h for CdSe@CdS NRs,indicating that the photostability of PdS‐CdSe@CdS‐Au is much better than that of CdS.The greatly improved photocatalytic activity and stability are attributed to efficient charge separation and rapid charge transport in the PdS‐CdSe@CdS‐Au HCs.

Ni-P cluster modified carbon nitride toward efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production

Exploring low-cost cocatalyst to take over noble metal cocatalyst is still challenging in the field of photocatalytic proton reduction.Herein,Ni-P alloy clusters are anchored onto the surface of polymeric carbon nitride through a chemical plating method and serve as highly efficient and stable cocatalyst toward photocatalytic proton reduction.An effective role in promoting the charge separation and migration of the photocatalytic system is demonstrated for Ni-P clusters,which essentially enhance the photocatalytic H2-production rate to a value of 1506μmol h^–1 g^–1.This performance is comparable to that of the benchmark of Pt-modified carbon nitride.This work highlights that the Ni-P alloy could be a potential alternative to noble metal cocatalyst in the photocatalytic reactions.

The roles and mechanism of cocatalysts in photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen

Photocatalytic hydrogen(H2)evolution via water spilling over semiconductors has been considered to be one of the most promising strategies for sustainable energy supply in the future to provide non-pollution and renewable energy.The key to efficient conversion of solar-chemical energy is the design of an efficient structure for high charge separation and transportation.Therefore,cocatalysts are necessary in boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution.To date,semiconductor photocatalysts have been modified by various cocatalysts due to the extended light harvest,enhanced charge carrier separation efficiency and improved stability.This review focuses on recent developments of cocatalysts in photocatalytic H2 evolution,the roles and mechanism of the cocatalysts are discussed in detail.The cocatalysts can be divided into the following categories:metal/alloy cocatalysts,metal phosphides cocatalysts,metal oxide/hydroxide cocatalysts,carbon-based cocatalysts,dual cocatalysts,Z-scheme cocatalysts and MOFs cocatalysts.The future research and forecast for photocatalytic hydrogen generation are also suggested.

Phosphorescent Cationic Iridium（Ⅲ） Complexes with 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Cyclometalating Ligands： Solvent-Dependent Excited-State Dynamics

To elucidate the nature of low-lying triplet states and the effect of ligand modifica- tions on the excited-state properties of functional cationic iridium complexes, the solvent- dependent excited-state dynamics of two phosphorescent cationic iridium（Ⅲ） complexes, namely [Ir（dph-oxd）2（bpy）]PF6 （1） and [Ir（dph-oxd）2（pzpy）]Pf6 （2）, were investigated by femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Upon photoexcitation to the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer （MLCT） states, the excited-state dynamics shows a rapid process （τ-=0.7-3 ps） for the formation of solvent stabilized 3MLCT states, which significantly depends on the solvent polarity for both 1 and 2. Sequentially, a relatively slow process assigned to the vibrational cooling/geometrical relaxation and a long-lived phospho- rescent emissive state is identified. Due to the different excited-state electronic structures regulated by ancillary ligands, the solvation-induced stabilization of the 3MLCT state in 1 is faster than that in 2. The present results provide a better sight of excited-state relaxation dynamics of ligand-related iridium（Ⅲ） complexes and solvation effects on triplet manifolds.

Solvent-Induced Symmetry-Breaking Charge Transfer in an Octupolar Triphenylamine Derivative Resolved with Transient Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The excited-state symmetry-breaking charge transfer (SBCT) dynamics in quadrupolar or octupolar molecules without clear infrared markers is usually hard to be tracked directly. In this work, on the basis of the evolution of instantaneous emission dipole moment obtained by femtosecond transient fluorescence spectroscopy, we presented a real-time characterization of the solvent-induced SBCT dynamics in an octupolar triphenylamine derivative. While the emission dipole moment of the octupolar trimer in weakly polar toluene changes little during the excited-state relaxation, it exhibits a fast reduction in a few picoseconds in strongly polar tetrahydrofuran. In comparison with the uorescence dynamics of dipolar monomer, we deduced that the emitting state of the octupolar trimer in strongly polar solvent, which undergoes solvent-induced structural uctuation, changes from exciton-coupled octupolar to excitation localized dipolar symmetry. In weakly polar solvent, the octupolar symmetry of the trimer is largely preserved during the solvation stabilization.

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity over MoS_2/ZnIn_2S_4 microspheres

MoS2/ZnIn2S4composites with MoS2anchored on the surface of ZnIn2S4microspheres were synthesized by a two‐step hydrothermal process.The obtained samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy,high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance absorption spectroscopy,nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements,photoluminescence spectroscopy,and photoelectrochemical tests.The influence of the loading of MoS2on the photocatalytic H2evolution activity was investigated using lactic acid as a sacrificial reagent.A H2evolution rate of343μmol/h was achieved under visible light irradiation over the1wt%MoS2/ZnIn2S4composite,corresponding to an apparent quantum efficiency of about3.85%at420nm monochromatic light.The marked improvement of the photocatalytic H2evolution activity compared with ZnIn2S4can be ascribed to efficient transfer and separation of photogenerated charge carriers and facilitation of the photocatalytic H2evolution reaction at the MoS2active sites.

Solvent Effects on Two-Photon Absorption of Alkyne and Alkene π-bridging Chromophores

The present work concerns the study of solvent effects on the geometrical structures, as well as one- and two-photon absorption （TPA） processes, for two series of alkyne and alkene π-bridging molecules, within the framework of the polarization continuum model. Particular emphasis was put on the characterization of solvent effects on the molecular geometrical structures and geometric distortion, which were measured by the bond-length-alternation parameter. The π centres in the compounds are seen to play a decisive role in increasing the TPA cross section and nonlinear optical properties. All studied molecules have relatively strong TPA characteristics, while the alkyne π-bridging ones yield larger TPA cross sections.

Coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chloride: Effects of pH and coagulant dosage

Coagulation mechanisms of polyaluminum chloride(PACl) at various dosages were studied using a conventional jar test at different final and initial pH values during treating kaolin suspension. The optimal final pH and dosages for PACl were obtained based on residual turbidity and zeta potential of flocs. The coagulation zones at various PACl dosages and solution p H values were developed and compared with those of alum. It is found that the optimal mechanism under acidic condition is charge neutralization, while alkaline condition will facilitate the coagulation of PACl. Both charge neutralization coagulation and sweep coagulation can achieve high coagulation efficiency under the alkaline condition ranging from final p H 7.0 to 10.0. Stabilization, charge neutralization destabilization, restabilization and sweep zones occur successively with increasing PACl dosages with the final p H values fixed at 7.0 and 8.0, but restabilization zone disappears at final p H 10.0. When the final p H is not controlled and consequently decreases with increasing PACl dosage, no typical sweep zone can be observed and the coagulant efficiency decreases at high PACl dosage. It seems that the final pH is more meaningful than the initial p H for coagulation. Charge neutralization coagulation efficiency is dominated by zeta potential of flocs and PACl precipitates. The charge neutralization and sweep coagulation zones of PACl are broader in the ranges of coagulant dosage and p H than those of alum. The results are helpful for us to treat water and wastewater using PACl and to understand the coagulation process of PACl.

Photo-induced self-formation of dual-cocatalysts on semiconductor surface

Cocatalyst plays key roles in photogenerated charge separation and surface catalytic reactions in photocatalysis.However,it is not clear if the chemical states of cocatalysts changed or remains unchanged under photocatalytic reaction conditions.Herein,taking NaTaO3 as an example,we systemically investigated the chemical states of nickel‐based cocatalysts during photocatalytic water splitting reaction.It was found that photo‐induced self‐formation of Ni and NiO cocatalyst species take place on the surface of NaTaO3 nanocrystals.The self‐formation of dual‐cocatalysts not only occurs on 26‐facet NaTaO3,but also takes place on a more general 6‐facet NaTaO3.Our work clarified that the chemical states of cocatalysts are changing and the redox dual‐cocatalysts are redistributed on the semiconductor surface owing to the reaction induced by photogenerated charges under the condition of photocatalytic reactions.

Experimental and in silico studies on three hydrophobic charge-induction adsorbents for porcine immunoglobulin purification

Three hydrophobic charge-induction adsorbents with functional ligands of 4-mercapto-ethyl-pyridine, 2-mercapto-methyl-imidazole or 2-mercapto-benzimidazole were evaluated in the purification of porcine immunoglobulin from porcine blood. Adsorption isotherms were studied under different pH conditions. The adsorbent with 2-mercapto-methyl-imidazole as the ligand showed reasonable adsorption capacity(43.60 mg·g^(-1)gel)with great selectivity and it also showed the best elution performance in chromatographic studies. A multi-pH step elution process was proposed for the 2-mercapto-methyl-imidazole adsorbent, and the results showed that high immunoglobulin purity(94.3%) and a yield of 9.8 mg·(ml plasma)^(-1) could be achieved under the optimal condition of loading(pH 5.0)–pre-elution(pH 7.0)–elution(pH 3.8). Moreover, molecular simulation was employed to help in analyzing the binding mechanism between the ligands and immunoglobulin, and the results showed that both 2-mercapto-benzimidazole and 2-mercapto-methyl-imidazole ligands were docked on the same pocket(around TYR319 and LEU309) of the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin, with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole showing stronger binding interactions.

Size effects of platinum particles@CNT on HER and ORR performance

Platinum(Pt)is an efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),but the debate of the relevance between the Pt particle size and its electrocatalytic activity still exist.The strong metal–support interaction(SMSI)between the metal and carrier causes the charge transfer and mass transport from the support to the metal.Herein,Pt species(0.5 wt.%)with various particle sizes supported on carbon nanotubes(CNTs)have been synthesized by a photo-reduction method.The^1.5 nm-sized Pt catalyst shows much higher HER performance than the counterparts in all pH solutions,and the mass activity of it is even 23–36 times that of Pt/C.While for ORR,the^3 nm-sized Pt catalyst exhibits the optimal performance,and the mass activity is 3 times and even 16 times that of Pt/C in acidic and alkaline media,respectively.The high HER and ORR performances of the^1.5 nm-and^3 nm-sized Pt catalysts benefit from the SMSI between Pt and the CNTs matrix and the higher ratio of face sites to edge sites,which is meaningful for the design of efficient electrocatalysts for renewable energy application.

Advanced 3D nanohybrid foam based on graphene oxide: Facile fabrication strategy, interfacial synergetic mechanism, and excellent photocatalytic performance

Herein,a unique nanohybrid foam was fabricated with titanium dioxide(TiO2)-carbon quantum dots(CQDs)nanoparticles intercalated between graphene oxide(GO)layers via a facile and low-cost solvothermal method.Compared with pure GO foam,the fabricated GO-TiO2-CQDs foam displayed high degradation rate towards methyl orange(MO),methylene blue(MB),and rhodamine B(Rh B),respectively,under the Xenon lamp irradiation.The composite foam can be used for several times and remain a high degradation rate without structural damage.The photochemical property was attributed to the 3D porous structure of GOTiO2-CQDs foam,in which ultrafine hydrogenated TiO2-CQDs nanoparticles were densely anchored on the GO sheets.This paper provides an efficient strategy to tune the charge transport and thus enhance the photocatalytic performance by combining the semi-conductive GO and quantum dots.

Boosting visible-light-driven water splitting over LaTaON_(2) via Al doping

LaTaON_(2)is an attractive visible-light-active photocatalyst for water splitting due to its broad visible light absorption as far as 650 nm and proper band edge positions.Notwithstanding these promising properties,LaTaON_(2)generally exhibits poor photocatalytic activity because of its high defect concentration that severely hinders charge separation.Here,LaTaON_(2)has been modified by doping Al into the Ta sublattice,i.e.,LaTa_(1−x)Al_(x)O_(1+y)N_(2−y)(0≤x≤0.20).Al doping not only inhibits the defect concentration and increases surface hydrophilicity but also maintains the desired visible light absorption of LaTaON_(2).These important modifications substantially ameliorate the charge separation conditions within LaTaON_(2)and are responsible for a much enhanced photocatalytic performance for water redox reactions under visible light illumination.Under optimal conditions,the Al-doped LaTaON_(2)delivers an apparent quantum efficiency of 1.17%at 420±20 nm for water oxidation into O_(2),outperforming most LaTaON_(2)-based photocatalysts.These findings highlight Al as a useful dopant to open up the photocatalytic potential of metal oxynitrides whose activity is often undermined by a high defect concentration.