广东菊科一新归化属——伏金腰箭属

报道广东菊科一新归化属——伏金腰箭属Calyptocarpus Less.。该属的伏金腰箭C. vialis Less.原产于美国南部、墨西哥和古巴,在我国台湾、云南和广西以及印度尼西亚爪哇岛、大洋洲、印度、非洲等地区已归化。最近在广州市车陂涌发现该种大量的归化居群,且生长旺盛并排斥其他原生草本植物,具有明显的入侵性,应引起相关部门重视。伏金腰箭茎匍匐,舌状花瘦果边缘无翅,与管状花瘦果同型,托片先端锐尖,易与金腰箭Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.区别。凭证标本保存于中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)。

Cytological study on the genus Syncalathium (Asteraceae-Lactuceae),an endemic taxon to alpine scree of the Sino-Himalayas

Cytological characters of four species in Syncalathium （Asteraceae： Lactuceae）, a small genus with six identified species endemic to alpine scree of the Sino-Himalayan region, are surveyed in this report. Three species （Syncalathiumpilosum, Syncalathium chrysocephalum, and Syncalathium disciforme） are examined for the first time. Combined with our previous counts, five species have been cytologically investigated from the genus and the results indicated that all species are diploid with the basic somatic chromosome number of x=8. The karyotype asymmetry of Syncalathium souliei is 2A, distinct from the other four species of 1A, and the remaining species are divided into two subgroups with different karyotypes, consistent with their morphological features. The significance of the cytological evolution of Syncalathium is briefly discussed.

Caffeoyl Derivatives: Major Antioxidant Compounds of Some Wild Herbs of the <i>Asteraceae</i>Family

The polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of the aerial parts of 18 medicinal or food plants of the As- teraceae family were studied. Five main caffeoyl derivatives were determined individually by HPLC and compared with levels determined by colorimetry for total dihydroxycinnamic derivatives and total phenolics. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of these constituents to the antioxidant activity of the herbs determined by DPPH radical scavenging tests. Significant correlations were found between total phenolic (R2 = 0.8904), total dihydroxycinnamic derivative (R2 = 0.8529) and total caffeoyl derivative (R2 = 0.7172) concentrations and the DPPH-scavenging ability of all herbs. The antioxidant activity of the main constituents, including chicoric acid (EC50 = 8.24 μmol/l) or 3,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid (EC50 = 7.62 μmol/l), was very high compared to vitamin C (EC50 = 15.66 μmol/l). Thus, for each species, antioxidant activity mainly involves the major caffeoyl derivatives. The contribution to antioxidant activity were assessed as 48.92% for 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in Tanacetum parthenium (30.08 g/kg), and 68.96% for chicoric acid in Taraxacum officinale (34.08 g/kg). The main caffeoyl derivatives among polyphenols can be considered as the major antioxidant compounds of the studied Asteraceae herbs.

Polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of some wild Saudi Arabian asteraceae plants

Objective:To study the antioxidant properties of crude extract of different Asteraceae plants.Methods:The antioxidant properties of six extracts were evaluated using different antioxidant tests,including free radical scavenging,reducing power,metal chelation,superoxide anion radical scavenging,total antioxidant capacity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activities.Results:Picris cyanocarpa(P.cyanocarpa)and Anthemis deserti(A.deserti)had powerful antioxidant properties as radical scavenger,reducing agent and superoxide anion radical scavenger while Achillia fragrantissima(A.fragrantissima)and Artemissia monosperma(A.monosperma)were the most efficient as ion chelator(100%at 100,200 and 400μg/mL)A.fragrantissima and Rhanlarium appoposum(R.appoposum.)showed 100%inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 200 and 400μg/mL,while butylatedhydroxy toluene and ascorinc acid showed 100and 95%inhibition percentage at 400μg/mL,respectively.Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyl toluene and ascorbic acid.Conclusions:In most tests P.cyanocarpa and A.deserti had powerful antioxidant properties as radical scavenger,reducing agent and superoxide anion radical scavenger.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in Asteraceae plants growing in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia

The present research was undertaken to explor the possibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） associa- tion with Asteraceae plants in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia （AI-Ghat, Buraydah, Thumamah and Huraymila）. AM fungal colonization in the roots, spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil, fungal species diversity and correlation between AM properties and soil properties were determined. The highest colonization was in Conyza bonariensis （65%） from AI-Ghat, Anthemis cotula （52%） from Buraydah and C. bonariensis （53%） from Thumamah. The lowest was in Vernonia schimperi （41%） from AI-Ghat, Pulicaria undulata （25%） from Buraydah, Acanthospermum his- pidum （34%） from Thumamah, Asteriscus graveolens （22%） and V. schimperi （22%） from Huraymila. Vesicular and arbuscular colonization were also presented in all plant species examined. The number of spores were 112-207 in AI-Ghat, 113-133 in Buraydah, 87-148 in Thumamah and 107-158 in Huraymila. Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum and G aggregatum were identified. Relative frequency of AM fungal species varied widely and was irrespective of location and plant species. Diversity index varied with the rhizosphere soils of dif- ferent plant species at various locations. Soil properties varied with locations and no distinct correlations were ob- served among the soil properties, root colonization and the number of spores. The results of the present study specified the association of AM fungi in different plants of Asteraceae and its significance in the ecological func- tioning of annual plants in the punitive environments of the rangelands in Saudi Arabia.

Plastome sequencing of Myripnois dioica and comparison within Asteraceae

Myripnois is a monotypic shrub genus in the daisy family constricted to northern China.Although wild populations of Myripnois dioica are relatively rare,this plant may potentially be cultured as a fine ornamental.In the present study,we sequenced the complete plastome of M.dioica,generating the first plastome sequences of the subfamily Pertyoideae.The plastome of M.dioica has a typical quadripartite circular structure.A large^20-kb and a small^3-kb inversion were detected in the large single copy(LSC)region and shared by other Asteraceae species.Plastome phylogenomic analyses based on 78 Asteraceae species and three outgroups revealed four groups,corresponding to four Asteraceae subfamilies:Asteroideae,Cichorioideae,Pertyoideae and Carduoideae.Among these four subfamilies,Pertyoideae is sister to Asteroideae+Cichorioideae;Carduoideae is the most basal clade.In addition,we characterized 13 simple sequence repeats(SSRs)that may be useful in future studies on population genetics.

Karyotypes of nineteen species of Asteraceae in the Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions

The Hengduan Mountains region is a biodiversity hotspot. In this study, we report the karyotypes of 19 species(21 populations) of Asteraceae from this region, 14 of which are reported for the first time. We also examined polyploidy in Asteraceae plants and summarized karyotype data in the literature for 69 congeneric taxa. In these genera, there were five different ploidy levels in the region, though the most dominant was diploid(73.08%). There is no direct evidence that ploidy level and karyotype asymmetry are associated with the distribution of recorded Asteraceae species from the Hengduan Mountains. This suggests that polyploidy(26.92%) may not play an important role in the evolutionary history of these plants, even though, among these genera, the ratio of paleopolyploidy was high(46.15%).

湖南德夯地质公园菊科植物多样性特征

【目的】研究湖南德夯地质公园菊科植物资源现状,为该区植物资源保护和利用提供科学依据。【方法】通过野外调查、标本采集鉴定和文献查阅等方法,对德夯地质公园菊科(Asteraceae)植物物种多样性、地理区系、生活习性、功能性状等方面进行统计分析。【结果】(1)德夯地质公园现有菊科植物59属118种,划分为14个族,其中以菊苣族(Cichorieae)、紫菀族(Astereae)、千里光族(Senecioneae)和春黄菊族(Anthemideae)为主;该区菊科植物以单种属最多(41属),寡种属次之(16属),多种属最少(2属);含3个德夯特有种,分别为吉首蒲儿根(Sinosenecio jishouensis)、吉首紫菀(Aster jishouensis)和紫背紫菀(Aster atropurpurea)。(2)区系地理成分较为复杂,属的分布区类型有12种,以温带分布区类型居多;种的分布区类型有14种,以中国特有分布和东亚分布及变型为主。(3)生活习性以多年生草本为主,共73种,占总种数的61.86%,其次为1~2年生草本,含42种,占总种数的35.59%。(4)菊科植物的营养性状以中小型叶、单叶、互生、纸质、不裂、锯齿、双面无毛为主;繁殖性状以雌雄同株、顶生的伞房花序、瘦果、风力传播为主;花期主要集中在6—10月,果期集中在7—10月。【结论】湖南德夯地质公园菊科植物种类丰富,区系地理成分复杂,特有现象明显,功能性状多样,应予以关注和保护。

Spittlebugs in the genus Sphenorhina (Hemiptera:Cercopidae) associated with weedy composite host plants (Asteraceae) that may represent unusual cases of nitrogen fixation

Three species of the spittlebug genus Sphenorhina （Hemiptera： Cercopidae） have been observed in association with Crassocephalum crepidioides and Chromolaena ordorata, weedy tropical species in the family Asteraceae that have been implicated as nitrogen-fixing plants. The spittlebugs may be serving as indirect indicators of nitrogen fixation in some species of Asteraceae, a group in which nitrogen fixation has not been well established.

Mojiangia oreophila(Crepidinae,Cichorieae,Asteraceae),a new species and genus from Mojiang County,SW Yunnan,China,and putative successor of the maternal Faberia ancestor

A single small population of chasmophytic plants is described as Mojiangia oreophila,a monotypic genus in the subtribe Crepidinae,characterised by a unique combination of morphological features,in particular densely long-papillose homomorphic achenes with five main ribs each accompanied by two secondary ribs,coarse brownish pappus bristles,moderately many-flowered capitula,a small involucre with numerous outer phyllaries,perennial rosette herb growth and brown-woolly caudex and leaf axils.Molecular phylogenetic analysis detected that in the nrlTS phylogeny M.oreophila forms a clade of its own in the Crepidinae;in the plastid DNA phylogeny it is nested in the clade formed by the hybrid-ogenous genus Faberia,the maternal ancestor of which comes from the Crepidinae and the paternal ancestor from the Lactucinae,where Faberia is placed in nrlTS phylogenies.M.oreophila shares several morphological features with Faberia and also shares the expected chromosome number of 2n=16 with its hitherto unknown maternal ancestor.M.oreophila may therefore be a successor of the maternal ancestor of Faberia.Alternatively,cytonuclear discordance is to be assumed in Mojiangia,caused by chloroplast capture as a result of hybridisation and introgression with Faberia.

依安县菊科野生药用植物资源调查与分析

为探明依安县菊科药用植物资源现状,依据全国第四次中药资源普查工作方案,通过野外样方调查、标本采集和相关文献查阅,分析依安县境内菊科野生药用植物相关情况。结果表明,依安县菊科药用植物资源有34属52种,主要为多年生草本植物;蒿属植物种类最丰富,地理分布以温带性质为主;入药部位与功效多样,重点调查药用植物有8种,其总蕴藏量为29053.37 kg。依安县菊科野生药用植物资源丰富,建议合理保护与开发,实现中药材资源可持续发展。

Pb^(2+)胁迫对3种菊科花卉种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以菊科花卉万寿菊、金盏菊和波斯菊为研究对象,采用碳酸铅作为试验药剂,碳酸铅溶液的浓度梯度设置为30mg/L、60mg/L、120mg/L和300mg/L,以蒸馏水作为对照组,通过培养皿萌发试验,探究重金属铅胁迫对3种菊科花卉种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明,碳酸铅溶液对万寿菊、金盏菊和波斯菊种子萌发和幼苗生长产生了显著影响,其中,万寿菊萌发期和苗期对Pb^(2+)的抗性较强。适量的碳酸铅溶液对3种菊科花卉幼苗的过氧化物酶活性和叶绿素含量具有抑制作用,而高浓度的碳酸铅溶液抑制作用更加明显。上述结果预示碳酸铅溶液对菊科花卉种子和幼苗具有毒性效应。因此,在实际生产和种植过程中,应注意避免土壤中铅的积累,以保护菊科花卉的生长和发育。总之,本研究对于了解碳酸铅溶液对菊科花卉幼苗的影响具有重要意义,以期为菊科花卉的种植和生产提供科学的依据和参考。

Allelopathic Effects of Extracts from Three Asteraceae Plants on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Four Plants

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic effects of the extracts of Asteraceae plants on plant seeds and seedlings.[Methods]The effects of the extracts of three Asteraceae plants(Erigeron annuus,Bidens pilosa and Inula japonica)on the seed germination and seedling growth of four plants(Setaria viridis,Erigeron canadensis,Chenopodium album and Lactuca sativa)were studied by the Petri dish filter paper method and bioassay method.[Results]Different concentrations(10,20,40,100,200 mg/ml)of the extracts of E.annuus,B.pilosa and I.japonica had different allelopathic effects on the seed germination of the same recipient plant,and with the increase of the concentrations of the extracts,the inhibitory effects were more significant.The extract of B.pilosa had the strongest inhibitory effect.The extracts at the low concentration(10 mg/ml)had no significant effects on the germination rates and germination energy of the four kinds of plant seeds.In terms of root growth and biomass,the extracts of E.annuus and I.japonica showed the effect of low promotion and high inhibition.Under the treatment with high concentrations(100,200 mg/ml)of the extracts from the three Asteraceae plants,the germination of plant seeds,plant root length,stem height and biomass were inhibited.With the concentrations of the extracts of the three Compositae plants increasing,the chlorophyll contents of the four plants showed a downward trend,and the activity of SOD,POD,CAT and other antioxidant protective enzymes showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.[Conclusions]These three species of Asteraceae plants had certain allelopathic inhibitory effects on the germination and growth of the four kinds of plant seeds,including S.viridis,E.canadensis,C.album and L.sativa,and they have potential in the development of botanical herbicides or plant protection.

Hap1型棉蚜在6种菊科植物上的适合度研究

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是严重危害农作物的多食性害虫,其种群已出现明显的分化。为明确Hap1型棉蚜对早春菊科Asteraceae植物的适合度,本研究用生命表参数评价了Hap1型棉蚜在苦荬菜Ixeris polycephala、泥胡菜Hemisteptia lyrata、蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum、茼蒿Glebionis coronaria、莴苣Lactuca sativa和续断菊Sonchus asper等6种早春菊科植物上的生长和发育情况。研究结果发现,Hap1型棉蚜能在上述6种菊科植物上成功建立种群,但生命表参数存在差异。其中Hap1型棉蚜在茼蒿、苦荬菜和泥胡菜上的产仔天数均大于8 d,平均单头单日产仔数量在2.5头以上,寿命均大于16 d。Hap1型棉蚜在莴苣和续断菊上产仔天数为6 d左右,平均单头单日产仔数量分别为3.09头和1.72头,寿命为14 d左右。取食蒲公英的Hap1型棉蚜上产仔天数为2 d,平均单头单日产仔数量1.46头,在第8天死亡率就超过60%,寿命为6.74 d。研究结果表明,在上述6种菊科植物中,苦荬菜、泥胡菜和茼蒿是Hap1棉蚜的适宜寄主,莴苣和续断菊是Hap1棉蚜的较适宜寄主,而蒲公英则不是Hap1型棉蚜的适宜寄主。本研究为进一步阐明Hap1型棉蚜寄主转移规律提供了科学依据,同时为制定棉蚜的绿色防控技术奠定了理论基础。

重金属铅对三种菊科植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以金盏菊(Calendula officinalis)、百日菊(Zinnia elegans)、万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)3种菊科植物种子为试材,采用培养皿萌发水培试验法,研究了不同浓度的Pb溶液(0、50、100、200、400 mg·L^(-1))对3种菊科植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,测定不同胁迫条件下供试植物种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗的根长、芽长、鲜质量和干质量,利用隶属函数法对3种植物进行重金属Pb耐受性综合评价,研究菊科植物对重金属Pb胁迫的耐受性,以期探索菊科植物在重金属Pb污染土壤生态修复方面的应用潜能。结果表明:随胁迫程度增加,金盏菊的种子发芽率和发芽指数表现为低促高抑,百日菊的幼苗鲜质量及干质量也表现为低促高抑,其他指标呈下降趋势;而万寿菊的种子萌发指标和幼苗生长指标均呈现下降趋势,抑制作用逐渐增强。经隶属函数法分析得出3种菊科植物对重金属Pb的耐受性强弱依次为万寿菊>百日菊>金盏菊。

Phylogeny and putative hybridization in the subtribe Paranepheliinae （Liabeae, Asteraceae）, implications for classification, biogeography, and Andean orogeny

The nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the chloroplast trnL-trnF (trnLF) intergenic region were se-quenced for 45 accessions of Paranephelius and six accessions of Pseudonoseris, the two genera of the subtribe Paranepheliinae (Liabeae, Asteraceae) distributed in the alpine regions of the Andes. This data set was used to estimate relationships between these genera and within each genus to aid in evaluating morphological variation and classification. Our results with both ITS and trnLF markers support the monophyly of subtribe Paranephelii-nae, and place Pseudonoseris discolor as the first diverged taxon sister to the clade containing Paranephelius. Pseudonoseris szyszylowiczii exhibited intraspecific divergence supporting intergeneric hybridization between Pseudonoseris and Paranephelius. Within Paranephelius, genetic divergence is low and not adequate to fully resolve phylogenetic relationships at the species level, but two genetically and morphologically recognizable groups were revealed by the ITS data. Several accessions possessing multiple ITS sequences represent putative hybrids between the two groups. These putative hybrids have caused some taxonomic confusion and difficulties in establishing species boundaries in Paranephelius. The divergence time estimates based on ITS sequences indi-cated that the stem of subtribe Paranepheliinae dates to 13 million years ago, but the diversification of the crown clade of the extant members began in the early Pleistocene or late Pliocene, perhaps associated with the uplift of the Andes and the climatic changes of global cooling.

Effects of Ingested Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C.(Asteraceae)Extract in the Liver of Prochilodus lineatus Fish

Baccharis dracunculifolia, popularly known in Brazil as “alecrim-do-campo”, is widely recognized for its therapeutic potential. The extract of its leaves is used for liver problems, stomach disorders and others. The objective of the present study was to perform a histochemical analysis of curimbata fish livers to evaluate the potential effects and risks of the ingestion of B. dracunculifolia. Thirty-two animals were divided into two experimental groups in duplicate: Control group (regular food) and B. dracunculifolia Treated group (food added with B. dracunculifolia). The fishes were collected on the 14th and 21st days after the treatment period of 21 days. The histological alterations were evaluated using the semiquantitative methods Mean Value of Alterations (MVA), Histopathological Alteration Index (HAI) and Image J&reg;. HAI and MAV showed that the extract caused slight but statistically significant damages, widely distributed throughout the organ. The results showed significant hepatic alterations caused by the ingestion of B. dracunculifolia extract.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Potential Antioxidant of Bidens segetum Mart. ex Colla (Asteraceae) in Melanocyte and Melanoma Cells

Bidens segetum Martius ex Colla known as the “pic&atilde;o do mato”, is an herbaceous plant that occurs in the Cerrado biome of some Brazilian states. Among the species of Bidens, we highlight B. pilosa known as “pic&atilde;o preto”, of which several activities are reported as antioxidant and antibacterial. Ethanolic extract from Bidens segetum (EEBs) showed an-tioxidant potential when analyzed by free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporiodes and C. sphareospermum fungi. PFFR3.3 subfraction from EEBs has 81.5% of 5-O caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and potential antioxidant (DPPH). However, PFFR3.3 did not decrease superoxide anion in metastatic melanoma cells by dihydroeth-idium assay (DHE). PP4 subfraction is a mixture of polyacetylenes that has antifungal (Cladosporium) and antioxidant activity, since reduced superoxide anion amount in melanoma cells after 5 min of treatment. However, no dose-response and time-response curve were observed, not even with the authentic standard (5-CQA). Complementary chemical studies will be performed to confirm the polyacetylenes and 5-CQA structures present in the EEBs from B. segetum and new methodologies should be performed to confirm the antioxidant activity of these com-pounds and the effects on melanocytes and melanomas.

基于ISSR分子标记的27份菊科种质遗传多样性分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对27份菊科种质进行亲缘关系和聚类分析,为种质资源的有效保存及分子鉴定奠定基础。利用NTSYS-pc 2.1软件对电泳结果进行多态性分析,采用非加权平均距离法(UPGMA)构建遗传树。结果表明:10条引物扩增出255条清晰的多态性条带,占总条带数的94.80%。UPGMA聚类分析显示,27份菊科种质间的遗传相似系数为0.36—1.00,在相似系数0.40处,27份菊科种质被划分为3个类群。目前搜集的27份菊科植物种质遗传多样性较为丰富,筛选的10个ISSR引物可进一步用于后续种质资源的分子鉴定。

鹤岗市东山区菊科药用植物资源调查研究

按照全国第四次中药普查技术方案要求,采用资源普查、野外现地调查和选取样方调查等方法,对鹤岗市东山区菊科植物中具有药用价值的植物种类、资源特性进行调查分析。调查分析结果表明,鹤岗市东山区菊科植物具有药用价值的共有49种,隶属于33个属,植物种类较多的属是蒿属和风毛菊属,单种属的组成最多,包含26属。为菊科药用植物资源的开发、利用提供可靠的数据支持。