周期化营养起源于周期化训练,是指有计划、有目的、战略性地实施营养干预,以支持和增强特定的训练适应能力,以及特异性的运动表现。周期化营养策略侧重于碳水化合物(carbohydrate,CHO)和脂肪周期化,主要包括“高训”(training with high...周期化营养起源于周期化训练,是指有计划、有目的、战略性地实施营养干预,以支持和增强特定的训练适应能力,以及特异性的运动表现。周期化营养策略侧重于碳水化合物(carbohydrate,CHO)和脂肪周期化,主要包括“高训”(training with high-carbohydrate availability,高CHO可用性训练)策略、“低训”(training with low-carbohydrate availability,低CHO可用性训练)策略和“低训高赛”(fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration,脂肪适应与CHO恢复相结合)策略。本文通过总结不同CHO可用性在实现训练适应和优化运动表现方面取得的研究成果以及相关机制发现:在训练或比赛涉及更高强度的工作量/技战术以及需要最佳运动表现时,有必要使用“高训”策略提供高质量的输出和/或最大化的恢复;而基于中低强度运动的训练负荷可能不需要高CHO可用性的支持。“低训高赛”策略对运动表现的益处适用于特定的情况或个体,尽管会带来高强度运动能力的受损,但在定期训练计划中,周密整合“低训”策略将有助于上调细胞信号传导,在促进机体产生训练适应方面具有独特优势。这为未来运动员在运动营养实践方面,依据不同营养目标以及针对不同训练/比赛阶段,优先选择何种CHO可用性周期化提供了参考。展开更多
The production dynamics and trophic basis of 7 dominant species of chironomids were investigated in the area of a second-order river of the Hanjiang River basin, in central China from June 2003 to June 2004. The resul...The production dynamics and trophic basis of 7 dominant species of chironomids were investigated in the area of a second-order river of the Hanjiang River basin, in central China from June 2003 to June 2004. The results showed that Tvetenia discoloripes was by far the most abundant chironomid, dominating the overall standing stock of the taxa. In terms of life cycle, Chaetocladius sp., Eukiefferiella potthasti and T. discoloripes developed 1 generation a year, whereas Microtendipes sp. and Pagastia sp. developed two, while Pentaneura sp. and Polypedilum sp. developed three. T. discoloripes was the most productive chironomid with 120.305 8 g/m2.a, Pentaneura sp. and E. potthasti had relatively high production values of >17 g/m2.a, and the rest were <10 g/m2.a. All the production temporal variation tended to follow biomass patterns. T. discoloripes, Chaetocladius sp. and Pagastia sp. concentrated most of their production in winter, whereas E. potthasti, Pentaneura sp. and Polypedilum sp. had relatively higher production throughout the year. Only Microtendipes sp. had a production that peaked in summer. The overlap in temporal distribution of production among the chironomid species was generally high (>0.5), especially for filter-collectors Microtendipes sp., Chaetocladius sp., Chaetocladius sp., T. discoloripes and Pagastia sp. All species except Pentaneura sp. consumed a large portion of amorphous detritus, constituting more than 90% of their diets, and contributing nearly 90% to their secondary production. All the 7 chironomids represent obvious adaptation to local highly variable climate in summer and autumn in life cycle pattern, production dynamics, and food type.展开更多
Using a coccolith weight analytic software(Particle Analyser), we analyze most abundant coccolith species in a sediment core from the central Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP) and calculate coccolith size and weight var...Using a coccolith weight analytic software(Particle Analyser), we analyze most abundant coccolith species in a sediment core from the central Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP) and calculate coccolith size and weight variations over the last 200 ka. These variations are compared with the trends of sea surface temperature(SST), primary productivity(PP), sea surface salinity(SSS), and insolation. Our results demonstrate that the size and weight of the coccoliths varied in response to variations of these factors, and their average total weight is primarily related to the relative abundance of the dominant species GEO(Gephyrocapsa oceanica). The variation in weight of EMI(Emiliania huxleyi) and GEE(Gephyrocapsa ericsonii) are mainly influenced by nutrients, and the variation of GEM(G. muellerae conformis) and GEO(G. oceanica) weight are mainly influenced by SST. For all of the taxa weight, PP and SST present apparent precession or semi-precession cycles, we consider that the mono-coccolith weight of the Equatorial Western Pacific is primarily affected by precession drived thermocline and nutricline variation.展开更多
In this paper, the analysis of the environmental impacts of a biopolymer based on starch is presented. These impacts were calculated from a cradle to gate LCA （Life Cycle Assessment）, based on UNEEN ISO 14040：2006 ...In this paper, the analysis of the environmental impacts of a biopolymer based on starch is presented. These impacts were calculated from a cradle to gate LCA （Life Cycle Assessment）, based on UNEEN ISO 14040：2006 and UNEEN ISO 14044, using as functional unit 1 kg of produced biomaterial. The impact categories analyzed were global wanning, ozone depletion, acidification and eutrophication. The results indicate that the electricity causes the highest impacts in the global warming and ozone depletion categories, but compared to synthetic polymers, the emissions are low. Finally, in the case of eutrophication, the impacts are similar to other biopolymers but higher in comparison with petroleum-based polymers like HDPE （High Density Polyethylene）, LDPE （Low Density Polyethylene）, PP （Polypropylene）, PS （Polystyrene） and PET （Polyethylene Terephthalate）.展开更多
文摘周期化营养起源于周期化训练,是指有计划、有目的、战略性地实施营养干预,以支持和增强特定的训练适应能力,以及特异性的运动表现。周期化营养策略侧重于碳水化合物(carbohydrate,CHO)和脂肪周期化,主要包括“高训”(training with high-carbohydrate availability,高CHO可用性训练)策略、“低训”(training with low-carbohydrate availability,低CHO可用性训练)策略和“低训高赛”(fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration,脂肪适应与CHO恢复相结合)策略。本文通过总结不同CHO可用性在实现训练适应和优化运动表现方面取得的研究成果以及相关机制发现:在训练或比赛涉及更高强度的工作量/技战术以及需要最佳运动表现时,有必要使用“高训”策略提供高质量的输出和/或最大化的恢复;而基于中低强度运动的训练负荷可能不需要高CHO可用性的支持。“低训高赛”策略对运动表现的益处适用于特定的情况或个体,尽管会带来高强度运动能力的受损,但在定期训练计划中,周密整合“低训”策略将有助于上调细胞信号传导,在促进机体产生训练适应方面具有独特优势。这为未来运动员在运动营养实践方面,依据不同营养目标以及针对不同训练/比赛阶段,优先选择何种CHO可用性周期化提供了参考。
基金Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Nos 30640024 and 30270278).
文摘The production dynamics and trophic basis of 7 dominant species of chironomids were investigated in the area of a second-order river of the Hanjiang River basin, in central China from June 2003 to June 2004. The results showed that Tvetenia discoloripes was by far the most abundant chironomid, dominating the overall standing stock of the taxa. In terms of life cycle, Chaetocladius sp., Eukiefferiella potthasti and T. discoloripes developed 1 generation a year, whereas Microtendipes sp. and Pagastia sp. developed two, while Pentaneura sp. and Polypedilum sp. developed three. T. discoloripes was the most productive chironomid with 120.305 8 g/m2.a, Pentaneura sp. and E. potthasti had relatively high production values of >17 g/m2.a, and the rest were <10 g/m2.a. All the production temporal variation tended to follow biomass patterns. T. discoloripes, Chaetocladius sp. and Pagastia sp. concentrated most of their production in winter, whereas E. potthasti, Pentaneura sp. and Polypedilum sp. had relatively higher production throughout the year. Only Microtendipes sp. had a production that peaked in summer. The overlap in temporal distribution of production among the chironomid species was generally high (>0.5), especially for filter-collectors Microtendipes sp., Chaetocladius sp., Chaetocladius sp., T. discoloripes and Pagastia sp. All species except Pentaneura sp. consumed a large portion of amorphous detritus, constituting more than 90% of their diets, and contributing nearly 90% to their secondary production. All the 7 chironomids represent obvious adaptation to local highly variable climate in summer and autumn in life cycle pattern, production dynamics, and food type.
基金Project ‘Ocean Carbon Cycle and Tropical Forcing of Climate Evolution’ to provide research material for this studythe National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (91228204, 41376047) for financial support
文摘Using a coccolith weight analytic software(Particle Analyser), we analyze most abundant coccolith species in a sediment core from the central Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP) and calculate coccolith size and weight variations over the last 200 ka. These variations are compared with the trends of sea surface temperature(SST), primary productivity(PP), sea surface salinity(SSS), and insolation. Our results demonstrate that the size and weight of the coccoliths varied in response to variations of these factors, and their average total weight is primarily related to the relative abundance of the dominant species GEO(Gephyrocapsa oceanica). The variation in weight of EMI(Emiliania huxleyi) and GEE(Gephyrocapsa ericsonii) are mainly influenced by nutrients, and the variation of GEM(G. muellerae conformis) and GEO(G. oceanica) weight are mainly influenced by SST. For all of the taxa weight, PP and SST present apparent precession or semi-precession cycles, we consider that the mono-coccolith weight of the Equatorial Western Pacific is primarily affected by precession drived thermocline and nutricline variation.
文摘In this paper, the analysis of the environmental impacts of a biopolymer based on starch is presented. These impacts were calculated from a cradle to gate LCA （Life Cycle Assessment）, based on UNEEN ISO 14040：2006 and UNEEN ISO 14044, using as functional unit 1 kg of produced biomaterial. The impact categories analyzed were global wanning, ozone depletion, acidification and eutrophication. The results indicate that the electricity causes the highest impacts in the global warming and ozone depletion categories, but compared to synthetic polymers, the emissions are low. Finally, in the case of eutrophication, the impacts are similar to other biopolymers but higher in comparison with petroleum-based polymers like HDPE （High Density Polyethylene）, LDPE （Low Density Polyethylene）, PP （Polypropylene）, PS （Polystyrene） and PET （Polyethylene Terephthalate）.
