彭波半细毛羊两年三胎技术试验报告

彭波半细毛羊的两年技术指的是对羔羊进行早期补饲,保证给予母羊充足的营养水品,在生产母羊进入发情期之前给予激素控制,使其同期发情,在两年内让生产母羊孕育三胎,保证半细毛羊产率能够在九成以上。

Rheological and Structural Properties of Sea Cucumber Stichopus japonicus During Heat Treatment

Changes in tissue structure, rheological properties and water content of raw and heated sea cucumber meat were studied. Sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus was heated at 25℃, 70℃ and 100℃ water for 5 min. The structural changes were observed using a light microscope and the rheological parameters （rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation） determined using a texture meter. Microscopic photograph revealed that the structural change of heated meat was greater than that of raw meat. The rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation of raw meat were smaller than those of the heated meat. Meanwhile, rheological parameters showed positive correlation with heating temperature. These changes are mainly caused by thermal denaturation and gelatinization of collagen during heating. These changes were also evidenced in observations using a light microscope and differential scanning calorimetry.

Analysis of volatile components in a Chinese fish sauce,Fuzhou Yulu, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Volatile components of Fuzhou Yulu, a Chinese fish sauce, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, and two pretreatment methods, i.e., purge and trap （P＆T） GC-MS and ethyl acetate extraction followed by GC-MS, were compared. P＆T-GC-MS method determined 12 components, including sulfur-containing constituents （such as dimethyl disulfide）, nitrogen-containing constituents （such as pyrazine derivatives）, aldehydes and ketones. Ethyl acetate extraction fol- lowed by GC-MS method detected 10 components, which were mainly volatile organic acids （such as benzenepropanoic acid） and esters. Neither of the two methods detected alcohols or trimethylamine. This study offers an important reference to determine volatile flavor components of traditional fish sauce through modem analysis methods.

Effect of Silicon and Nitrogen Nutrition on Pest and Disease Intensity in Rice

Nutrition management is the most important for high yield production but it may affect the response of rice plants to pest and diseases due to the change of microclimate under rice plant canopy. The knowledge of nutrition management and its relation with pest and diseases are basis for setting up a high yield production system. Most of the pest and disease control procedures used by farmers can be considered as soil fertility management and these nutrition practices can have impact on the physiological susceptibility of crop plants to pest and diseases by affecting the plant resistance. Silicon content of plants is particularly effective against pest and diseases in rice and certain rice genotypes are more efficient accumulators of silicon, thus making them more resistant. In the absence of natural heritable resistance in rice varieties, resistance could be induced by altemate strategies to suppress certain pest and pathogens. Hence experiments were carried out in two stages during kharif 2010 and 2011 to assess the concentration of silicon in the index leaves of rice plant utilizing 133 varieties in four locations. The silica content of promising varieties ranged from 1.50% to 3.20%, 1.60% to 3.15%, 1.49% to 3.20% and 1.55% to 3.06% with a mean values of 2.50%, 2.48%, 2.51% and 2.43% at Jagtial, Warangal, Rajendranagar and Rudrur centres of Telangana region and not much variation in mean silica content in index leaves at different places. The overall yield from four locations ranged from 2,653 kg/ha to 6,860 kg/ha with a mean of 5,624 kg/ha. The yields recorded at Jagtial, Warangal, Rajendranagar and Rudrur centres ranged from 2,886 to 7,198, 2,653 to 6,831, 2,653 to 6,860 and 4,399 to 5,950 kg/ha, respectively. The lowest mean yield 5,069 kg/ha was noticed at Rudrur and the highest yield 5,940 kg/ha was found at Warangal. The variations in yields might be due to genotypic variations and also due to variations in climatic conditions of different locations.

Nutritional evaluation of caseins and whey proteins and their hydrolysates from Protamex

Whey protein concentrate (WPC 80) and sodium caseinate were hydrolyzed by Protamex to 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% degree of hydrolysis (DH). WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were then analyzed, compared and evaluated for their nutritional qualities. Their chemical composition, protein solubility, amino acid composition, essential amino acid index (EAA index), biological value (BV), nutritional index (NI), chemical score, enzymic protein efficiency ratio (E-PER) and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) were determined. The results indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis of WPC 80 and sodium caseinate by Protamex improved the solubility and IVPD of their hydrolysates. WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were high-quality proteins and had a surplus of essential amino acids compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) reference standard. The nutritive value of WPC 80 and its hydrolysates was superior to that of sodium caseinate and its hydrolysates as indicated by some nutritional parameters such as the amino acid composition, chemical score, EAA index and predicted BV. However, the E-PER was lower for the WPC hydrolysates as compared to unhydrolyzed WPC 80 but sodium caseinate and its hydrolysates did not differ significantly. The nutritional qualities of WPC 80, sodium caseinate and their hydrolysates were good and make them appropriate for food formulations or as nutritional supplements.

The eco-nutrition requirements for dietary protein and its rhomb characteristics in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

We evaluated the dietary protein requirements of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) and their effects on aquatic quality. Five experimental diets were formulated containing 450, 480, 500, 520, and 540 g/kg. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of juvenile turbot (mean initial body weight 34.5 ± 5.5 g) for 88 d. Both the weight gain ratio and feed efficiency increased with increasing dietary protein up to 500 g/kg, but no further improvement was detected when dietary protein levels were >500 g/kg. Protein intake and digestion increased with protein levels, while fecal nitrogen and nitrogen content in seawater increased only when dietary protein exceeded 500 g/kg. Protein digestibility was highest at intermediate dietary protein levels. Chemical oxygen demand, nitrite-nitrogen (NO2--N) and phosphatic-phosphor (PO43--P) levels increased in the rearing water as dietary protein levels increased. The optimum eco-nutrition level of dietary protein for juvenile turbot was 500 g/kg under the current experimental conditions. The diets containing 540 and 500 g/kg protein had similar growth rates and feed conversion ratios, but levels of ammonia (NH4+) and nitrogen were considerably higher in the water and feces, respectively, at the higher level of dietary protein. The difference in the pattern of change between body weight gain and ammonia concentration in water with increasing dietary protein is described by rhomb characteristics.

Effect of Potassium Nutrition of Different Varieties of Rice on the Redox Status in Microzone Rhizosphere Soils

Being divided into three groups-strong, moderate and weak-according to the different kinetic parameters (Fmax, km, Cmin) of potassium uptake by crops, 21 cultivars of rice have been studied to find out the relationships between their potassium nutrition and the oxidation-reduction status in the rhizosphere soils.Results show that, with no application of K fertilizer, there were higher contents of active reducing substances and ferrous iron in rhizosphere soils planted with cultivars, such as Zhongguo 91, week in absorbing potassium than in soils cropped with cultivars, Shanyou 64, stronger in absorbing potassium. As a result of K application, however, these toxic substances were decreased appreciably in the soil, particularly in the root zone where weakly K-absorbing cultivars were growing, and the parameter of soil redox (pH +pE) was increased, the most striking example of this being found in the rhizosphere soil where the more strongly K-absorbing cultivars were growing. On and close to the root surface in soils where rice plants were supplied with potassium fertilizer, rather more iron oxide had been accumulated compared with rice receiving no potash, and even greater amounts of red iron oxide precipitated on the rice root in neutral paddy soils. As shown by the concentration distribution of active reducing substances and ferrous iron in a microzone of the profile, the redox range of rice roots supplied with potassium may extend as far as several centimeters from the root surface. It can thus be seen that potassium nutrition exerts its effect first on the morphological properties of rice roots and their exudation of oxygen, then on the content of soluble oxygen and the count and species of oxygen-consuming microbes in the rhizosphere soil, and finally on the redox status of the soil.

Preliminary Evaluation of the Encapsulation Technology Used for Local Fruit Trees Germplasm Safeguarding

The encapsulation in a nutritive matrix is an effective technique which allows the conservation of vitro-derived explants and protects their viability. The encapsulated propagules are generated by submerging explants in a natural polysaccharide solution of sodium alginate and calcium chloride allowing to obtain uniform capsules. In this work, we present preliminary results of a study on the effect of an encapsulation protocol on any local fruit varieties, conserved in a Regional in vitro germplasm bank.

Nutritional Analysis of Fast Food in Streets of Patna Town, Bihar

Mushroom growth of street fast food is a boon for changing lifestyle of urban people. However, its nutritional aspect is also a matter of concern. The objective of the present study was hence to assess the nutrient components of fast food sold in streets of Patna town. A total of 30 fast food samples from streets were collected from different locations of Patna town in aseptic containers and immediately transferred to the laboratory for proximate analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the collected data. In terms of nutrient contribution, the highest energy content was found in Hot potato chips （536 ~ 85.2 kcal /I00 g） followed by Chicken chawmin （527 ~ 253.08 kcal/plat）, Chilli chicken （464 ~ 91.8 kcal/plat） and Pav bhaji （425 -4- 164 kcal/plat）. Highest level of protein was detected in Chilli chicken at 27.3 ~ 5.01 g per serving. Protein of Chilli chicken supplied approximately 29% of the total energy content per serving. Maximum amount of fat was also found in Chilli ckicken （35.5 ~ 31.89 g/plat）. Total fat contribution of Chilli ckicken to the total energy per serving found to be approximately 67%. Highest level of carbohydrate was detected in Idli at 15.0 ~ 9.18 g per serving of sample which contributed approximately 91% of the total energy content per serving. From this study it was concluded that street fast foods provide an appreciable amount of recommended nutrient composition. It could be observed in this study that street fast foods supply appreciable amount of nutrients and calories to the people of Patna.

Fruit Nutritional Value of Cornelian Cherry Genotypes （Comus mas L.） Selected in the Vojvodina Province

This paper reviews results of some morphometric properties and chemical analyses of natural populations of the Cornelian cherry collected in the Vojvodina Province in 2008. Purpose of this study was the selection of the best genotypes for future breeding program until the final goal and that is standardizing Cornelian cherry cultivars. Chemical content has been found to depend on the genotype. Total sugar content in fruits ranged from 11.77% （CPC16） to 41.62% （BPC7）, vitamin C from 17.15 mg/100 g （APC8） to 42.30 rag/100 g of fresh fruit （APC2）, Ca pectat from 0.17% （APC6） to 2.52% （KC 1 ） and anthocyanin from 22.65 mg/100 g （APC4）to 96.30 rag/100 g of fresh fruit （BPC1）. Cornelian cherry fruits have an especially high content of minerals compared with other fruit species： the potassium content （in ppm） ranges from 2330 （APC6） to 11487 （APC4）, the calcium content from 33.80 （APC6） to 1307.70 （BPC1）, the sodium content from 22.82 （BPC8） to 273.48 （APC8）, the magnesium content from 10.20 （APC6） to 372.80 （APC8） and the iron content from 2.38 （KC2） to 14.40 （APCS）. The balanced content of nutrients, a wide range of food products made from the Cornelian cherry and an extremely high nutritional value make this fruit species a highly recommendable food item, especially if it comes from organic production.

A review of nutriology of food hydrocolloids

Most current commercially important hydrocolloids could be considered as dietary fibers.A great deal of research has focused on the bio-function of hydrocolloid materials resulting from their chemical structure,including antioxidant properties,bacteriostatic capacity and cancer prevention.However,the colloidal properties of hydrocolloids in water-holding,high viscosity,gelling and indigestion,which are characterized by macromolecules,also contribute to the human health.Therefore,the nutritional value of hydrocolloids deriving from their colloid properties is defined as colloid nutriology.More specifically,hydrocolloids in this study refer to dietary fibers which are metabolically inert or fermented in the colon or large intestine.Based on this conception,this mini-review attempts to elaborate the nutritional value of hydrocolloids resulting from its colloidal properties.

Positional variation in grain mineral nutrients within a rice panicle and its relation to phytic acid concentration

Six japonica rice genotypes, differing in panicle type, grain density, and phytic acid （PA） content, were applied to investigate the effect of grain position on the concentrations of major mineral nutrients and its relation to PA content and grain weight within a panicle. Grain position significantly affected the concentrations of the studied min- erals in both the vertical and horizontal axes of a rice panicle. Heavy-weight grains, located on primary rachis and top rachis, generally had higher mineral concentrations, but were lower in PA concentration and molar ratios of PNZn, compared with the small-weight grains located on secondary rachis and bottom rachis, regardless of rice genotypes. However, on the basis of six rice genotypes, no significant correlations were found among mineral elements, PA, and grain weight. These results suggested that some desired minerals, like Zn and Fe, and their bioavailability, can be enhanced simultaneously by the modification of panicle patterns, and it will be helpful in the selection of rice genotypes with low PA and high mineral nutrients for further breeding strategy without sacrificing their high yields.