This paper reviewed a large scale conservation work of rare and endangered plants currently conducted in main botanical gardens in China, and the existed, predictable and neglected problems on plant growth and reprodu...This paper reviewed a large scale conservation work of rare and endangered plants currently conducted in main botanical gardens in China, and the existed, predictable and neglected problems on plant growth and reproduction in ex-situ conservation process. Considered the status quo in plant ex conservation, a nutritional strategy on the plant conservation was proposed based on ＇Ecological Similarity＇. Its main idea was that the ex-situ conservation plants coming from natural ecosystem were compulsively allocated in the agro-ecosystems and would return to natural ecosystem ultimately. Therefore, research on plant nutrition of the ex-situ conservation plants should neither just pursue yield and quality as that in agro-ecosystems nor merely stay on intrinsic natures without human intervening. We should give attentions to both of their attributes as in natural ecosystems and in agro-ecosystems, i.e., taking full advantage of plant nutritional measures as in agro-ecosystems to solve actual survival problems of the ex-conservation plants, and ensuring the final goal of returning to nature and playing its ecological role.展开更多
The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings ...The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings from both rodent and human studies suggest brain-derived neu- rotrophic factor （BDNF） as a potential mechanism of the effect of acute exercise on memory. The molecular properties of BDNF allow this protein to be assessed in the periphery （pBDNF） （i.e., blood serum, blood plasma）, making measurements of acute exercise-induced changes in BDNF concentration relatively accessible. Studies exploring the acute exercise--pBDNF--cognitive performance relationship have had mixed findings, but this may be more reflective of methodological differences between studies than it is a statement about the role of BDNE For example, significant associations have been observed between acute exercise-induced changes in pBDNF concentration and cognitive performance in studies assessing memory, and non-significant associations have been found in studies assessing non-memory cognitive domains. Three suggestions are made for future research aimed at understanding the role of BDNF as a biological mechanism of this relationship： 1） Assessments of cognitive performance may benefit from a focus on various types of memory （e.g., relational, spatial, long-term）; 2） More finegrained measurements of pBDNF will allow for the assessment of concentrations of specific isoforms of the BDNF protein （i.e., immature, mature）; 3） Statistical techniques designed to test the mediating role of pBDNF in the acute exercise-cognitive performance relationship should be utilized in order to make causal inferences.展开更多
In this study, we conducted investigations in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary and adjacent waters （CREAW） in June and November of 2014. We collected water samples from different depths to analyze the nitrog...In this study, we conducted investigations in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary and adjacent waters （CREAW） in June and November of 2014. We collected water samples from different depths to analyze the nitrogen isotopic compositions of nitrate, nutrient concentrations （including inorganic N, P, and Si）, and other physical and biological parameters, along with the vertical distribution and seasonal variations of these parameters. The compositions of nitrogen isotope in nitrate were measured with the denitrifier method. Results show that the Changjiang River diluted water （CDW） was the main factor affecting the shallow waters （above 10 m） of the CREAW, and CDW tended to influence the northern areas in June and the southern areas in November. 615Nrqo~ values in CDW ranged from 3.21%o-3.55%o. In contrast, the deep waters （below 30 m） were affected by the subsurface water of the Kuroshio Current, which intruded into the waters near 3 I^N in June. The ~iI^NNo3 values of these waters were 6.03%0-7.6%0, slightly higher than the values of the Kuroshio Current. Nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton in the shallow waters of the study area varied seasonally. Because of the favorable temperature and nutrient conditions in June, abundant phytoplankton growth resulted in harmful algae blooms （HABs）. Therefore, nitrate assimilation was strong in June and weak in November. The ~15NNo3 fractionations caused by assimilation of phytoplankton were 4.57%0 and 4.41%o in the shallow waters in June and November, respectively. These results are consistent with previous laboratory cultures and in situ investigations. Nitrification processes were observed in some deep waters of the study area, and they were more apparent in November than in June. The fractionation values of nitrification ranged from 24%0-25%o, which agrees with results for Nitrosospira tenuis reported by previous studies.展开更多
A pilot scale modified step-feed process was lmproved to increase nutrient/N ano P） ano organic removal operations from municipal wastewater. It combined the step-feed process and a method named ＂University of Cape ...A pilot scale modified step-feed process was lmproved to increase nutrient/N ano P） ano organic removal operations from municipal wastewater. It combined the step-feed process and a method named ＂University of Cape Town （UCT）＂. The effect of nutrient ratios and inflow distribution ratios were studied. The highest uptake efficiency of 95% for chemical oxygen demand （COD） has been achieved at the inflow distribution ratio of 40/35/25. However, maximum removal efficiency obtained for total nitrogen （TN） and phosphorus at 93% and 78%, respectively. The average mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） was 5500 mg·L- 1. In addition, convenient values for dissolved oxygen （DO） concentration, and pH were obtained throughout different stages. The proposed system was identified to be an appropriate enhanced biological nutrient removal process for wastewater treatment plants owing to relatively high nutrient removal, sturdy sludge settle ability and COD removal.展开更多
Changes in tissue structure, rheological properties and water content of raw and heated sea cucumber meat were studied. Sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus was heated at 25℃, 70℃ and 100℃ water for 5 min. The structur...Changes in tissue structure, rheological properties and water content of raw and heated sea cucumber meat were studied. Sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus was heated at 25℃, 70℃ and 100℃ water for 5 min. The structural changes were observed using a light microscope and the rheological parameters （rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation） determined using a texture meter. Microscopic photograph revealed that the structural change of heated meat was greater than that of raw meat. The rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation of raw meat were smaller than those of the heated meat. Meanwhile, rheological parameters showed positive correlation with heating temperature. These changes are mainly caused by thermal denaturation and gelatinization of collagen during heating. These changes were also evidenced in observations using a light microscope and differential scanning calorimetry.展开更多
Objective：To observe the changing of biomechanical features during the degradation course of poly-D,L-lactic acid （PDLLA） rods in vivo and in vitro and to evaluate its value as an internal fixation material. Metho...Objective：To observe the changing of biomechanical features during the degradation course of poly-D,L-lactic acid （PDLLA） rods in vivo and in vitro and to evaluate its value as an internal fixation material. Methods ：PDLLA rods were emerged into PBS simultaneous body fluid with constant temperature of 37℃ and the rods were embedded into muscle tissue of 20 rabbits for degradation in vitro and in vivo . The rods were taken out in 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks. Biomechanical features of bending, shearing and axial compression strength, rigidity and elastic modulus were observed during the degradation course. Statistical method was used to test the changes of biomechanical parameters. Results： （1）There was similar changes of bending, compressive, shearing strength and bending, compressive and shearing rigidity of the PDLLA rods between in vivo and in vitro. （2）Bending, compressive, shearing strength decreased 33%, 18 % and 43 % respectively within the first stage of the degradation, and after 6 weeks of degradation, they decreased slowly. （3）Elastic modulus, bending, compressive and shearing rigidity.decreased sharply during the 6 weeks of degradation, with a drop of 22%, 39% and 30% respectively, and after 8 weeks, they decreased slowly. Even after 12 weeks of degradation, the strength of the rods was still higher than that of sponge bone. Conclusion： During the degradation of the material, the strength and rigidity of PDLLA rods can meet the need of fracture fixation of cancellous bones.展开更多
Based on the biogeochemical studies on nutrient elements in the Changjiang estuary, the main results and recent progresses are reviewed in this paper, such as the nutrient fluxes into the sea, the mixing behaviors, th...Based on the biogeochemical studies on nutrient elements in the Changjiang estuary, the main results and recent progresses are reviewed in this paper, such as the nutrient fluxes into the sea, the mixing behaviors, the distribution characteristics and transportation as well as the biogeochemical behaviors of nutrients in the plume frontal region. The exploring directions and research emphases in the future are proposed.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Technology R & D Program,China (2008BADA4B08,2007BAD87B09)the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI-Hubei 200501).
文摘This paper reviewed a large scale conservation work of rare and endangered plants currently conducted in main botanical gardens in China, and the existed, predictable and neglected problems on plant growth and reproduction in ex-situ conservation process. Considered the status quo in plant ex conservation, a nutritional strategy on the plant conservation was proposed based on ＇Ecological Similarity＇. Its main idea was that the ex-situ conservation plants coming from natural ecosystem were compulsively allocated in the agro-ecosystems and would return to natural ecosystem ultimately. Therefore, research on plant nutrition of the ex-situ conservation plants should neither just pursue yield and quality as that in agro-ecosystems nor merely stay on intrinsic natures without human intervening. We should give attentions to both of their attributes as in natural ecosystems and in agro-ecosystems, i.e., taking full advantage of plant nutritional measures as in agro-ecosystems to solve actual survival problems of the ex-conservation plants, and ensuring the final goal of returning to nature and playing its ecological role.
文摘The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings from both rodent and human studies suggest brain-derived neu- rotrophic factor （BDNF） as a potential mechanism of the effect of acute exercise on memory. The molecular properties of BDNF allow this protein to be assessed in the periphery （pBDNF） （i.e., blood serum, blood plasma）, making measurements of acute exercise-induced changes in BDNF concentration relatively accessible. Studies exploring the acute exercise--pBDNF--cognitive performance relationship have had mixed findings, but this may be more reflective of methodological differences between studies than it is a statement about the role of BDNE For example, significant associations have been observed between acute exercise-induced changes in pBDNF concentration and cognitive performance in studies assessing memory, and non-significant associations have been found in studies assessing non-memory cognitive domains. Three suggestions are made for future research aimed at understanding the role of BDNF as a biological mechanism of this relationship： 1） Assessments of cognitive performance may benefit from a focus on various types of memory （e.g., relational, spatial, long-term）; 2） More finegrained measurements of pBDNF will allow for the assessment of concentrations of specific isoforms of the BDNF protein （i.e., immature, mature）; 3） Statistical techniques designed to test the mediating role of pBDNF in the acute exercise-cognitive performance relationship should be utilized in order to make causal inferences.
基金Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11020302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41276116)the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U 1406403)
文摘In this study, we conducted investigations in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary and adjacent waters （CREAW） in June and November of 2014. We collected water samples from different depths to analyze the nitrogen isotopic compositions of nitrate, nutrient concentrations （including inorganic N, P, and Si）, and other physical and biological parameters, along with the vertical distribution and seasonal variations of these parameters. The compositions of nitrogen isotope in nitrate were measured with the denitrifier method. Results show that the Changjiang River diluted water （CDW） was the main factor affecting the shallow waters （above 10 m） of the CREAW, and CDW tended to influence the northern areas in June and the southern areas in November. 615Nrqo~ values in CDW ranged from 3.21%o-3.55%o. In contrast, the deep waters （below 30 m） were affected by the subsurface water of the Kuroshio Current, which intruded into the waters near 3 I^N in June. The ~iI^NNo3 values of these waters were 6.03%0-7.6%0, slightly higher than the values of the Kuroshio Current. Nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton in the shallow waters of the study area varied seasonally. Because of the favorable temperature and nutrient conditions in June, abundant phytoplankton growth resulted in harmful algae blooms （HABs）. Therefore, nitrate assimilation was strong in June and weak in November. The ~15NNo3 fractionations caused by assimilation of phytoplankton were 4.57%0 and 4.41%o in the shallow waters in June and November, respectively. These results are consistent with previous laboratory cultures and in situ investigations. Nitrification processes were observed in some deep waters of the study area, and they were more apparent in November than in June. The fractionation values of nitrification ranged from 24%0-25%o, which agrees with results for Nitrosospira tenuis reported by previous studies.
文摘A pilot scale modified step-feed process was lmproved to increase nutrient/N ano P） ano organic removal operations from municipal wastewater. It combined the step-feed process and a method named ＂University of Cape Town （UCT）＂. The effect of nutrient ratios and inflow distribution ratios were studied. The highest uptake efficiency of 95% for chemical oxygen demand （COD） has been achieved at the inflow distribution ratio of 40/35/25. However, maximum removal efficiency obtained for total nitrogen （TN） and phosphorus at 93% and 78%, respectively. The average mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） was 5500 mg·L- 1. In addition, convenient values for dissolved oxygen （DO） concentration, and pH were obtained throughout different stages. The proposed system was identified to be an appropriate enhanced biological nutrient removal process for wastewater treatment plants owing to relatively high nutrient removal, sturdy sludge settle ability and COD removal.
基金supported by the proiect sponsored by the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry(SRF for ROCS,SEM)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong(No.2004BSO7003)and Qingdao(No.04-2-JZ-110)
文摘Changes in tissue structure, rheological properties and water content of raw and heated sea cucumber meat were studied. Sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus was heated at 25℃, 70℃ and 100℃ water for 5 min. The structural changes were observed using a light microscope and the rheological parameters （rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation） determined using a texture meter. Microscopic photograph revealed that the structural change of heated meat was greater than that of raw meat. The rupture strength, adhesive strength and deformation of raw meat were smaller than those of the heated meat. Meanwhile, rheological parameters showed positive correlation with heating temperature. These changes are mainly caused by thermal denaturation and gelatinization of collagen during heating. These changes were also evidenced in observations using a light microscope and differential scanning calorimetry.
文摘Objective：To observe the changing of biomechanical features during the degradation course of poly-D,L-lactic acid （PDLLA） rods in vivo and in vitro and to evaluate its value as an internal fixation material. Methods ：PDLLA rods were emerged into PBS simultaneous body fluid with constant temperature of 37℃ and the rods were embedded into muscle tissue of 20 rabbits for degradation in vitro and in vivo . The rods were taken out in 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks. Biomechanical features of bending, shearing and axial compression strength, rigidity and elastic modulus were observed during the degradation course. Statistical method was used to test the changes of biomechanical parameters. Results： （1）There was similar changes of bending, compressive, shearing strength and bending, compressive and shearing rigidity of the PDLLA rods between in vivo and in vitro. （2）Bending, compressive, shearing strength decreased 33%, 18 % and 43 % respectively within the first stage of the degradation, and after 6 weeks of degradation, they decreased slowly. （3）Elastic modulus, bending, compressive and shearing rigidity.decreased sharply during the 6 weeks of degradation, with a drop of 22%, 39% and 30% respectively, and after 8 weeks, they decreased slowly. Even after 12 weeks of degradation, the strength of the rods was still higher than that of sponge bone. Conclusion： During the degradation of the material, the strength and rigidity of PDLLA rods can meet the need of fracture fixation of cancellous bones.
基金The paper was supported by the National Science Foundation of China projects(40076022)the National Basic Research Program of China(001CB409703).
文摘Based on the biogeochemical studies on nutrient elements in the Changjiang estuary, the main results and recent progresses are reviewed in this paper, such as the nutrient fluxes into the sea, the mixing behaviors, the distribution characteristics and transportation as well as the biogeochemical behaviors of nutrients in the plume frontal region. The exploring directions and research emphases in the future are proposed.
