孕期营养素摄入量对胎儿宫内发育的影响

目的研究不同孕期营养素摄入量对宫内胎儿发育的影响。方法239例妊娠妇女分为10—20周、21-30周及31周以上3组，根据营养素摄入量。用常规方法确定不同孕期胎儿宫内发育迟缓，比较不同孕期及不同营养索供给量（RDA）间胎儿宫内发育迟缓的发生率。结果与〈90％RDA及〉110％RDA者比较，90％-110％RDA者的胎儿宫内发育情况：第1组迟缓发生率较低。但差异不显著（P〉0．05）；第2组胎儿宫内发育迟缓发生率较低，差异显著（P〈0．05）；第3组胎儿宫内发育迟缓发生率较低，差异亦不显著（P〉0．05）。结论合理的营养素摄入量对于降低胎儿宫内发育迟缓的发生率具有重要意义。

“维生素AD、铁营养强化奶的研制”研究报告

目的:研制维生素AD、铁营养强化奶,用于群体有效防治维生素AD、铁缺乏。方法:应用微胶囊技术科学配方成维生素AD、铁营养粉,添加到鲜牛奶中。结果:工业化生产维生素AD、铁营养强化奶。结论:该产品取得了很好的社会效益和经济效益。

老年食品的开发

着重探讨了老年人必需营养素量，并由此得出在老年食品开发中应注意和解决的问题。

Available Contents of Trace Nutrient Element and Factors Affecting Their Availability in Western Jilin

Based on the assay of the total content and available content of the trace nutrient elements and the soil pH and organic matter of the soil samples,the characteristic of the available content of the trace nutrient elements and their affecting factors are studied. The results show that the available B in western Jilin is in a middle level,the content in Nong'an is higher than that in the others; the available Mn is extremely abundant; the available Cu in Nong'an is obviously higher than other areas,and the content in Da'an differs greatly; the available Zn is in a middle level; the severe shortage of available Mo differs between different areas; and the available Fe is extremely abundant. The available Mn,Cu and Fe have significantly positive correlation with their total content; the available B has significantly positive correlation with pH,and Zn has obviously negative correlation with pH; the available Mn and Fe had significantly positive correlation with soil organic matter.

Distribution of dissolved cadmium in Prydz Bay,Antarctica

In order to better understand the spatial and temporal distribution of dissolved cadmium in Prydz Bay, east Antarctica, seawaters were sampled by CTD during the CHINARE-25 cruise （Oct. 2008 - Apr. 2009） and the concentrations of cadmium were analyzed by AAS （Atomic Absorption Spectrometry） in the clean laboratory. Together with the data of macronutrients and chl.a from the same cruise, the relationship between cadmium and biological process was studied. The results showed that the concentrations of Cd in the surface water had a good relationship with chl.a and biologicl process was the important factor that influenced the distribution of dissolved Cd in the surface water. Linear relationship was found between dissolved Cd and phosphate in the surface water and the high ratio of Cd/P at the edge of ice shelf was most probably due to ice melting, vertical distribution of Cd was similar to those of macronutrient such as phosphate and was affected by decomposition of organic particals. The temporal change of dissolved Cd in upper layer was slight and tide probably had influence on the change.

Effects of SPNE on Yield and Biochemical Quality of Hybrid Flowering Chinese Cabbage

Objective] The effects of SPNE on the yield and biochemical quality of flowering Chinese cabbage were investigated in this study. [Method] The special plant nutritional element （SPNE） was sprayed on the flowering Chinese cabbage plants after the beginning of harvesting. The effects of SPNE on the yield traits and biochemical quality traits of flowering Chinese cabbage were investigated in the un-conventional using period. [Results] The results showed the flowering stalk of flow-ering Chinese cabbage developed earlier and grew fasterly for the SPNE treatment;the diameter, length and weight of flowering stalk of SPNE-treated flowering Chi-nese cabbage were al higher than that of control. The SPNE treatment could not only increase yield, but also bring better biochemical quality. The protein, vitamin C and calcium contents, especial y the chlorophyl and sugar contents in the SPNE-treated flowering Chinese cabbage were al higher than that of control, making the SPNE-treated flowering Chinese cabbage taste better. [Conclusion] lt was indicated although sprayed after the beginning of harvesting, the SPNE had a certain effect on the flowering Chinese cabbage.

Effects of Special Plant Nutritional Elements on Honey Pomelo Fruits

[Objective] The effects of special plant nutritional elements on honey pomelo fruits were investigated. [Method] After the honey pomelo flowers faded, the special plant nutritional elements （SPNE） were sprayed on the honey pomelo plants. After an interval of 20 d or more, the SPNE were sprayed again. A total of 4 times of spraying were carried out before the harvesting. Then difference in yield, quality, fruit weight, fruit appearance, ball weight and internal characteristics were compared between the SPNE treatment group and the control group. [Result] Compared to that of the control group, the fruit number per plant of the SPNE treatment group was more, and the average fruit weight was higher, resulting in the higher yield in the SPNE treatment group. At the same time, the vitamin C and soluble solids con- tent in honey pomelo fruits of the treatment group was higher than that of the con- trol group. The quality of honey pomelo fruits was higher in the SPNE treatment group. The honey pomelo fruits treated with SPNE were bigger, more shining and cleaner. The fruits in the treatment group had no scar, but had more beautiful shape. The exocarp of the treatment group was thinner than that of the control group. The ball weight of the treatment group was higher than that of the control group. Moreover, the ball appearance of the treatment group was cleaner. In the treatment group, the pulp segments were bigger and more consistent in size. In ad- dition, there were no internal cracks in the pulp segments. The fruits of the treat- ment group were more sparkling and more transparent. They tasted better. [Con- clusion] We hoped to provide a theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-yield- ing production of honey pomelo.

Variation Dynamics of Total Nitrogen and Nicotine of Burley Tobacco at Various Growing Stages under Different Nitrogen Nutrition Levels

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the variation dynamics of total nitrogen and nicotine of burtey tobacco at various growing stages under different ni- trogen nutrition levels to provide reference for optimizing fertilization technologies for burley tobacco. [Method] Fresh burley tobacco leaves were collected at various growing stages and dried to measure the content of total nitrogen, protein and nico- tine by using INTEGRAL automated chemical analyzer and analyze the correlation with nitrogen application level. [Result] Regardless of the nitrogen application level, the content of total nitrogen and protein showed a downward trend since root ex- tending stage and reached the minimum at mature stage; the content of nicotine showed an upward trend since early vigorous growing stage and increased to the maximum at mature stage; the content of total nitrogen, protein and nicotine all in- creased after air curing; the content of total nitrogen, protein and nicotine showed positive correlation with nitrogen application level, while total nitrogen/nicotine was negatively correlated. The results indicate that nitrogen level is closely related to the total nitrogen and nicotine of burley tobacco at growing period and post-air curing, rational application of nitrogen is an important measure to regulate the content of total nitrogen and nicotine of tobacco. [Conclusion] This study provides scientific ba- sis for rational fertilization of burley tobacco.

现代食物观将改变“菜篮子”内容

现代食物观将改变﹃菜篮子﹄内容中国水稻研究所的一个科研小组认为，树立现代食物观念，把满足人体对各种营养素的需求作为今后发展生产的目标，可以解决未来中国食物供给问题。这个科研小组提出，现代食物观念就是看人体对各种营养素吸收是否全面，而并不看重一个人吃了...

Mechanisms of heme iron absorption:Current questions and controversies

Iron is a critical micronutrient, and iron derived from heme contributes a large proportion of the total iron absorbed in a typical Western diet. Heme iron is absorbed by different mechanisms than non-heme iron, but despite considerable study over many years these mechanisms remain poorly understood. This review provides an overview of the importance of heme iron in the diet and discusses the two prevailing hypotheses of heme absorption; namely receptor mediated endocytosis of heme, and direct transport into the intestinal enterocyte by recently discovered heme transporters. A specific emphasis is placed on the questions surrounding the site of heme catabolism and the identity of the enzyme that performs this task. Additionally, we present the hypothesis that a non-heme iron transport protein may be required for heme iron absorption and discuss the experiences of our laboratory in examining this hypothesis.

Annual and Monthly Variations in Litter Macronutrients of Three Subalpine Forests in Western China

Macronutrients （N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S） in litter of three primarily spruce （Picea purpurea Masters） （SF）, fir （Abies faxoniana Rehder ＆ E. H. Wilson） （FF）, and birch （Betula platyphylla Sukaczev） （BF） subalpine forests in western China were measured to understand the monthly variations in litter nutrient concentrations and annual and monthly nutrient returns via litteffall. Nutrient concentration in litter showed the rank order of Ca 〉 N 〉 Mg 〉 K 〉 S 〉 P. Monthly variations in nutrient concentrations were greater in leaf litter （LL） than other litter components. The highest and lowest concentrations of N, P, K, and S in LL were found in the growing season and the nongrowing season, respectively, but Ca and Mg were the opposite. Nutrient returns via litterfall showed a marked monthly pattern with a major peak in October and one or two small peaks in February and/or May, varying with the element and stand type, but no marked monthly variations in nutrient returns via woody litter, reproductive litter, except in May for the BF, and moss litter. Not only litter production but also nutrient concentration controlled the annual nutrient return and the monthly nutrient return pattern. The monthly patterns of the nutrient concentration and return were of ecological importance for nutrient cycling and plant growth in the subalpine forest ecosystems.

Helicobacter pylori infection and micronutrient deficiencies

It is known that deficiencies of micronutrients due to infections increase morbidity and mortality.This phenomenon depicts itself conspicuously in developing countries. Deficiencies of iron,vitamins A,E,C,B12,etc are widely prevalent among populations living in the third world countries.Helicobacter pylori(H pylori)infection has a high prevalence throughout the world.Deficiencies of several micronutrients due to H pylori infection may be concomitantly present and vary from subtle sub-clinical states to severe clinical disorders.These essential trace elements/ micronutrients are involved in host defense mechanisms, maintaining epithelial cell integrity,glycoprotein synthesis, transport mechanisms,myocardial contractility,brain development,cholesterol and glucose metabolism.In this paper H pylori infection in associaed with various micronutrients deficiencies is briefly reviewed.

Regression Analysis of Nutrient Elements between Soil and Tobacco Leaves and Their Influences on Aroma Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between nutrient elements K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe in tobacco-planting soils and tobacco leaves from six main tobacco-producing areas, and to investigate the influences of these elements on chemical composition and aroma components in tobacco leaves. Results showed that there were certain relationship between contents of nutrient elements in tobacco-planting soils and contents of corresponding elements in tobacco leaves; various elements exhibited different influences on the aroma quality of flue-cured tobacco. Based on the actual situation of nutrient contents in soils from different tobaccoproducing areas, contents of various elements in tobacco leaves should be regulated by soil fertilization and foliar spraying, thereby improving the aroma quality of flue-cured tobacco.

Effects of nutrients and light intensity on the growth and biochemical composition of a marine microalga Odontella aurita

Algal biotechnology has advanced greatly in the past three decades. Many microalgae are now cultivated to produce bioactive substances. Odontella aurita is a marine diatom industrially cultured in outdoor open ponds and used for human nutrition. For the first time, we have systematically investigated the effects of culture conditions in cylindrical glass columns and fiat-plate photobioreactors, including nutrients （nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur）, light intensity and light path, on O. aurita cell growth and biochemical composition （protein, carbohydrate, β-1,3-glucan, lipids, and ash）. The optimal medium for photoautotrophic cultivation of O. aurita contained 17.65 mmol/L nitrogen, 1.09 mmol/L phosphorus, 0.42 mmol/L silicon, and 24.51 mmol/L sulfur, yielding a maximum biomass production of 6.1-6.8 g/L and 6.7-7.8 g/L under low and high light, respectively. Scale-up experiments were conducted with fiat-plate photobioreactors using different light-paths, indicating that a short light path was more suitable for biomass production of O. aurita. Analyses of biochemical composition showed that protein content decreased while carbohydrate （mainly composed of 15-1,3-glucan） increased remarkably to about 50% of dry weight during the entire culture period. The highest lipid content （19.7% of dry weight） was obtained under 0.11 mmol/L silicon and high light conditions at harvest time. Fatty acid profiles revealed that 80% were Cx4, C^6, and C20, while arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） accounted for 1.6%-5.6% and 9%-20% of total fatty acids, respectively. High biomass production and characteristic biochemical composition profiles make O. aurita a promising microalga for the production ofbioactive components, such as EPA and D-1,3-glucan.

An update on iron physiology

Iron is an essential micronutrient, as it is required for adequate erythropoietic function, oxidative metabolism and cellular immune responses. Although the absorption of dietary iron (1-2 mg/d) is regulated tightly, it is just balanced with losses. Therefore, internal turnover of iron is essential to meet the requirements for erythropoiesis (20-30 mg/d). Increased iron requirements, limited external supply, and increased blood loss may lead to iron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anemia. Hepcidin, which is made primarily in hepatocytes in response to liver iron levels, inflammation, hypoxia and anemia, is the main iron regulatory hormone. Once secreted into the circulation, hepcidin binds ferroportin on enterocytes and macrophages, which triggers its internalization and lysosomal degradation. Thus, in chronic inflammation, the excess of hepcidin decreases iron absorption and prevents iron recycling, which results in hypoferremia and iron-restricted erythropoiesis, despite normal iron stores (functional ID), and anemia of chronic disease (ACD), which can evolve to ACD plus true ID (ACD + ID). In contrast, low hepcidin expression may lead to iron overload, and vice versa. Laboratory tests provide evidence of iron depletion in the body, or reflect iron-deficient red cell production. The appropriate combination of these laboratory tests help to establish a correct diagnosis of ID status and anemia.

Obtaining Cheese with Milk Mixture and Inca Peanut （Plukenetia Volubilis）

The Inca peanut, a plant native to the Peruvian Amazon, has an important nutritional contribution to 53% oil and 33% protein [ 1, 2], high content of Omega 3 and 6, Vitamin E. Recent research suggests the nutritional and therapeutic significance of consumption for the control of free radicals [3], being an alternative food to reduce nutritional deficiencies of macro and micronutrients in the diet. The results show that the cheese made from a mixture of milk and Inca peanut （70：20 v/v） 0.15 M of Ca sulphate is of firm consistency, with a clotting time of 9 min and yields 14.56% at 80 ℃, is similar to fresh milk cheese sensory characteristics determined by the test of acceptability. Respect to nutrition cheeses present values of protein and fat （16.3% and, 25.05%, respectively）. Sensory evaluation process cheese 70：30 v/v showed an acceptance of 67% relative to a commercial cheese. The texture profile of the finished product, applying a deformation of 30%, have hardness values for 1.88 N, elasticity 0.08, cohesiveness 0.86, adhesiveness 0.36, gumminess 1.62 and chewiness 0.13.

Characterization of high-yield performance as affected by genotype and environment in rice

We characterized yield-relevant characters and their variations over genotypes and environments （locations and years） by examining two rice varieties （9746 and Jinfeng） with high yield potential. 9746 and Jinfeng were planted in two locations of Shanghai, China, during 2005 and 2006. The results show that there was a large variation in grain yield between locations and years. The realization of high yield potential for the two types of rice was closely related to the improved sink size, such as more panicles per square meter or grains per panicle. Stem and leaf biomasses were mainly accumulated from tillering stage to heading stage, and showed slow decline during grain filling. Meanwhile, some photosynthetic characters including net photosynthesis rate （Pn）, leaf area index （LAI）, specific leaf area （SLA）, fluorescence parameter （maximum quantum yield ofPSll, Fv/Fm）, chlorophyll content （expressed as SPAD value）, as well as nutrient （N, P, K） uptake were also measured to determine their variations over genotypes and environments and their relationships with grain yield. Although there were significant differences between years or locations for most measurements, SLA at tillering and heading stages, Fv/Fm and LAI at heading stage, stem biomass at heading and maturity stages, and leaf nitrogen concentration at tillering and heading stages remained little changed, indicating their pos- sible applications as selectable characters in breeding programs. It was also found that stem nitrogen accumulation at tillering stage is one of the most important and stable traits for high yield formation.

Research Progress of Special Wheat Nutrition Components and Application

With the increased pace of life and improved consumption level of people, the demand for food developed from natural resources is increasing day by day. Related researches have shown that the nutrition level of special wheat is higher than that of common wheat. Special wheat can improve the nutritional structure and diet quality of people. However, the researches on special wheat are rare at home and abroad. Compared with the common wheat, special wheat still faces many challenges in taste quality, storage stability, processing suitability as main food, etc. This paper summarized the researches on analysis and application of special wheat nutrition components at home and abroad so as to evaluate comprehensively the development prospect of special wheat.

Soil Nutrient Distribution in Two Typical Paddy Terrace Wetlands Along an Elevation Gradient During the Fallow Period

Soil nutrient concentrations in the top soils from two paddy terraces were determined in order to investigate spatial distributions of soil nutrients along the elevations on the Yunnan plateau of China during the fallow period.Results showed that soil nutrients in both terraces were higher than the reference concentrations except for SOC,TN,TP and Fe.Soil macronutrients didn't show significant differences in both terraces except for Mg and Ca,so did soil micronutrients except for Mn.Spatial distribution patterns of soil nutrients along the increasing elevations were different in both terraces.However,soil nutrients in both terraces were generally not significantly influenced by the elevations and soil pH values.The findings of this study can contribute to soil fertility management and ecological protection of Hani terraces.

Influence of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius）, Infestation on Micronutrients Content in Some Vegetable Plants in a Greenhouse

The whitefly is well-known as a serious pest on many economic vegetable crops. It feeds by absorbing plant sap which includes many important nutrients for plant,＇;. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of whitefly, B. tabaci （Gennadius）, infestation on the micronutrients; Manganese, Zinc, Copper and Molybdenum, in three plant varieties; cantaloupe （Cucumis melo L.）, cucumber （Cucumis sativus L.） and zucchini （Cucurbita pepo L.） that were planted in a greenhouse at the Agricultural Research Station in Hada AI Sham, north east of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. Results of this investigation showed that, in general whitefly infestation reduced micronutrients content in plants. Mean content of total micronutrients in each of infested cucumber and zucchini were less than control plants significantly, but the infestation did not vary total micronutrients content in cantaloupe significantly. Feeding of the whitefly reduced mean content of each Zinc and Molybdenum in infested plants significantly, but did not vary Manganese and Copper content significantly.