农地规模调适下农户营粮行为及效率研究——基于对中部主产区1861个农户的问卷调查

运用中部粮食主产区1 861农户的追叙调查,动态分析了农地规模调适下不同类型农户的营粮行为及效率。结果表明:中部粮食主产区营粮农户的分布呈现以维稳户为主体而扩张户较少的偏正态分布;扩张户家庭人口规模、劳动力数及其平均受教育年限均高于缩减户与维稳户的平均水平;与此相对应,扩张户呈现总量投入高,单位土地面积上的资金与劳动力投入低,农业产出总量高的特征;从综合效率来看,扩张户与维稳户粮作经营的效率较高,而缩减户则较差,这并非主要缘于各类型户之间纯技术效率差异,而是取决于其间规模效率损失趋异。因而,优化农户营粮行为及提升其效率,保障国家粮食安全,需要从规模化、集约化、组织化上寻求突破。

数字化供电所基于工单驱动业务的探索

随着数字化技术的不断发展,国家电网有限公司前所未有重视供电所数字化建设,推动数字化转型,因此,供电所面临着越来越多的挑战和机遇。本文基于工单驱动的探索,旨在为数字化供电所打下坚实的数据底座基础,为业务管控、数据统计分析、提升供电所管理水平提供依据,从而可以提升数字化供电所的运营效率和客户满意度。

A Model of Application System for Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering in Vessels Based on IDEF0

Applying man-machine-environment system engineering(MMESE)in vessels is a method to improve the effectiveness of the interaction between equipment, environment, and humans for the purpose of advancing operating efficiency, performance, safety, and habitability of a vessel and its subsystems. In the following research, the life cycle of vessels was divided into 9 phases, and 15 research subjects were also identified from among these phases. The 15 subjects were systemized, and then the man-machine-environment engineering system application model for vessels was developed using the ICAM definition method 0 (IDEF0), which is a systematical modeling method. This system model bridges the gap between the data and information flow of every two associated subjects with the major basic research methods and approaches included, which brings the formerly relatively independent subjects together as a whole. The application of this systematic model should facilitate the application of man-machine-environment system engineering in vessels, especially at the conceptual and embodiment design phases. The managers and designers can deal with detailed tasks quickly and efficiently while reducing repetitive work.

China's Rising Labor Cost: Myths and Realities

This paper examines whether China＇s labor cost is too high and rising too fast from the five aspects of macro distribution, corporate cost structure, labor productivity, labor cost structure and international comparison, shedding light on the real causes of rising labor cost. On the basis of our analysis, we propose a few policy recommendations on China＇s macroeconomy and corporate development.

Set methods of left-turn waiting zone at signalized intersection

To maximize the number of vehicles passing by the stop-line in a cycle and improve the operation efficiency of intersection in China, the settlement of left-turn lane waiting-zone is becoming prevailing. Based on conflicting-point method, the internal mechanism of left-turn flow after stopping line was analyzed through taking postposition left-turn lane waiting-zone intersection for instance. The relationship between the first left-turn vehicle and the last vehicle of previous phase passing the conflicting point was expounded. According to the time of successive arriving of two vehicle flows at conflicting-point, the reasonable layout for waiting area of left-turn vehicles was researched when the clearance index was less than O. The results suggest that the appropriate layout for waiting area of left-turning vehicles can improve the operation efficiency of intersections.

Liquid-Liquid-Liquid Three Phase Extraction Apparatus:Operation Strategy and Influences on Mass Transfer Efficiency

Abstract A new mixer-settler-mixer three chamber integrated extractor is proposed in this work for liquid-liquid- liquid three phase countercurrent and continuous extraction. Experiments revealed the influences of the structural design of the three-liquid-phase extractor and some key operational parameters on three-phase partition of two phenolic isomers, p-nitrophenol （p-NP） and o-nitrophenol （o-NP）. The model three-liquid-phase extraction system used here is nonane （organic top-plaase）-polyethylene glycol （PEG 20UU） （polymer mlddle-phase）-（NH4）2SO4 aqueous solution （aqueous bottom-phase）. It is indicated that agitating speed and retention time in three-phase mixer are key parameters to extraction fraction of nitrophenol. Dispersion band behavior is related to agitating intensity, and its occurrence does not affect the extraction fraction of target compounds. The present work highlights the possibility of a feasible approach of scaling up of the proposed three-phase extraction apparatus for future in- dustrial-aimed applications.

Photosynthetic efficiency, cell volume, and elemental stoichiometric ratios in Thalassirosira weissflogii under phosphorus limitation

Nutrient limitation is known to inhibit growth and metabolism and to alter elemental stoichiometric ratios in phytoplankton. In this study, physiological changes in Thalassirosira weissflogii were measured under different dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) regimes in semi-continuous cultures to revisit the utility of the Redfield ratio for assessing nutrient limitation. The results showed that cell size increased with decreasing DIP availability. In the P-depleted treatment (f/2-P) the cell size was 1.48 times larger than that in the P-limited (f/100) treatment and 2.67 times larger than that in the P-saturated treatment (f/2 and f/10). The fucoxanthin to chlorophyll a ratio (Fuco/chl a) was relatively stable (about 0.3) in P-saturated cultures and was 10 times higher than that in P-limited and P-depleted cultures. During the experimental period, the photosynthetic efficiency index, ?F/Fm′, was relatively stable at ~0.50 in the P-saturated cultures, but quickly declined with decreasing DIP availability. Although cellular P content showed a significant difference between the P-saturated culture (1.6 pg/cell) and the P-limited culture (0.7 pg/cell), the N/P ratio in T. weissflogii did not show a trend with DIP availability and fluctuated slightly around 25. Our results suggest that cell division in T. weissflogii is not strictly size-gated but is probably regulated by a biochemical, and hence, an elemental stoichiometric ratio threshold, and that deviation of the cellular N/P ratio from the Redfield ratio is not a reliable indicator of algal nutrient stress.

Energy Efficient Switch Policy for Small Cells

Switch policy is essential for small cells to properly serve variable number of users in an energy efficient way.However,frequently switching small cell base stations(SBSs) may increase the network operating cost,especially when there is an nonnegligible start-up energy cost.To this end,by observing the variety of user number,we focus on the design of a switch policy which minimize the cumulative energy consumption.A given user transmission rate is guaranteed and the capability of SBSs are limited as well.According to the knowledge on user number variety,we classify the energy consumption problem into two cases.In complete information case,to minimize the cumulative energy consumption,an offline solution is proposed according to critical segments.A heuristic algorithm for incomplete information case(HAIIC) is proposed by tracking the difference of cumulative energy consumption.The upper bound of the Energy Consumption Ratio(ECR) for HAIIC is derived as well.In addition,a practical Q-learning based probabilistic policy is proposed.Simulation results show that the proposed HAIIC algorithm is able to save energy efficiently.

Research on Applications of Humanism Management Thoughts and Positive Incentive on Contemporary Enterprise Management Activities

In this paper, we conduct research on the applications of humanism management thoughts and positive incentive on contemporary enterprise management activities. The success or failure of an enterprise, it has connected with the enterprise staff. Modem enterprise to make the enterprise in the competitive market of the brand is enduring, its survival is to be active play to the initiative, enthusiasm and creativity of employees, emphasizing the subject status of the employees and the leading role which is to emphasize the importance of basic management in enterprise management. Our research provides managers with the state-of-the-art methodology of management which will enhance the overall performance and the efficiency of business operating.

Seasonal changes of bioelements in litter and their potential return to green leaves in five species of tropical dry deciduous forest, western India

The Litter nutrient concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg, K and Na in mature leaves, twigs and reproductive parts and their relationship between senescent and young leaves were investigated in five forest species： Acacia nilotica, Acacia leucophloea. Tectona grandis, Miliusa tomentosa and Butea monosperma in Indian tropical dry deciduous forest in Western India.. Total dry matter of plant species was recorded and analyzed for N, P, Ca, Mg, K and Na. A. nilotica had the highest concentrations of N in leaf, while ,4. leucophloea had the highest concentrations of Ca and Mg in leaf. The highest concentrations of P in leaf were found in A. nilotica, A. leucophloea and B. monosperma where as lowest in T. grandis and M. tomentosa. No significant differences in K and Na were registered among the species. A marked seasonal variability was ob- served in the concentrations of N, P and K, except for Ca and Mg. Potas- sium is the single element that undergoes leaching and mobilization in all species. Resorped N and P can be used for the production of fresh leaf in the following annual cycle. Nutrient resorption and retranslocation from senescent leaves and litter supports the production of new foliage and increase the fertility of soil.

Research on the agricultural comprehensive development project performance evaluation problems and countermeasures

The agricultural comprehensive development project performance evaluation refers to the evaluation and assessment of the expected target original and effectiveness after the completion of a project, discuss how to according to different projects to form a reasonable evaluation system for agricultural comprehensive development project, make a reasonable assessment, which can not only ensure the project quality, but also to achieve the project plans to further improve and perfect, make agricultural development operation became more efficient, so it has the practical significance. This paper describes the construction of the performance evaluation system of agricultural comprehensive development project problems, and puts forward some countermeasures for construction of agricultural comprehensive development project performance evaluation system.

Effect of Manure on Distribntion of Micronutrients in Rhizosphere of Wheat

A rhizobox system was used to determine the distribution of micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) acrossthe rhmosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The available contents of Fe and Mn in the rhizosphere wereraised by addition of manure or chemical fertilizer combined with manure, but those of Cu and Zn werehardly affected, which might be an important reason why manure addition could improve the Fe and Mnnutrition status of plants. Several possible mechanisms for the increase of the availabilities of Fe and Mn inthe rhizosphere due to manuring are discussed as well.

How to Improve Efficiency of Telecom Energy

High OPEX （operation expenditure）, pollution and complicated environment are challenges which telecom operators have to conquer to improve energy efficiency. Integration and flexibility are tendencies for telecom energy solution development, also the keys to improve energy efficiency. With plentiful design and implementation experience, the author provides a three-dimensional energy matrix model to design a perfect energy system, and some practical measures of integration and flexibility are also shared from mechanical to electrical, from single site to whole network.

Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Safflower （Carthamus tinctorius L.） and Sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.） Studied in Nutrient Solution

Safflower represents an important oil crop internationally and may have a production potential under low input conditions, but its putatively high phosphorous use efficiency is not sustained. This study aims to directly compare safflower with sunflower in terms of phosphorus use efficiency in nutrient solution under controlled conditions. Growth of both species responded strongly to increasing P supply. Safflower recovers less proportion of added P than sunflower. External P requirement （（g P supply （100 g dry matter （DM） produced）~） was higher in safflower than sunflower. The efficiency of the crops for DM production based on accumulated P （mg P potl, efficiency ratio）, and P concentration in DM （（mg P （g DM）＇I）, utilization index） were interpreted using Michaelis-Menten kinetics as growth response curves. Accordingly, Km constant was lower in sunflower compared to safflower in terms of utilization index, but both were similar in terms of efficiency ratio. High Km constant in safflower in terms of utilization index indicates the high P concentration in tissues to produce 50% of potential maximum DM, consequently less efficient crop. Utilization efficiency contributed more than uptake efficiency in overall PUE in the efficient cultivar and could be the cause of its superiority in PUE. It can be concluded that safflower has a high requirement for P with respect to growth, sunflower is more efficient in terms of uptake and utilization of P at optimal and sub-optimal P supplies indicating that safflower can not be considered a low nutrient input crop compared to sunflower with respect to phosphorus.

Effectiveness of Optimal Arrangement of the Residences Operated by Reactive Power Control for a Clustered Grid-Interconnected PV System

There is a danger of power generation efficiency decreasing due to voltage increase when clustered residential PV systems are grid-interconnected to a single distribution line. As a countermeasure, installation of the reactive power control of an inverter at each residence has been considered. However, there are not many types of inverters that can operate reactive power control because there are insufficient effects on a low voltage distribution line with low penetration PV with reactive power control. Therefore, it is necessary to consider how to increase generation efficiency with a lower number of inverters. In this paper, four Japanese standard distribution line structures, for example of a residential area on ＂C1＂, where 2,160 residential PV systems are grid-interconnected, are selected. The optimal setting of reactive power control at each residence is computed on the distribution lines with a greedy method.

Research on logistics management system based on supply chain management

Generally, supply chain logistics is the unification of logistics, information flow and capital flow, logistics runs through the whole process of the supply chain. Logistics connects the individual enterprise in the supply chain and it is the bond of mutual cooperation between enterprises. In that way, the logistics management becomes an important part of the supply chain management system naturally. However, it is not so long since the theory of supply chain management and logistics management put forward so they are still being refined. Besides, it is lack of green philosophy in the logistics management of the supply chain and effect of logistics on the environment and resource efficiency do not be considered synthetically. Yet, methods to solve the problem that customers return items and waste materials have been excluded from the enterprises and business strategy. With the awareness that people should protect the environment and conserve resources enhanced and governments increase the intensity of environmental regulations constraints, the theory and practice of green logistics management are valued by the foreign supply chain management and logistics management theory community and the business community gradually.

DEA-based Malmquist Productivity Index Measure of Operating Efficiencies:New Insights with an Application to Container Ports

To investigate the long-term operating efficiencies of container ports, we extend the work of previous researches to present a new systemic and improved method of data envelopment analysis （DEA）-based Malmquist productivity index （MPI） in this paper. An approach based on both panel data and multi-inputs/outputs is considered comprehensively, and aims at measuring the operating efficiencies of 10 leading container ports in China from 2001 to 2006 by applying this new systematic influence factor of total factor productivity change is the calculation method. The results illustrate that the main technology change, and the container transportation of these 10 ports is on the healthy development status and will recover and grow reposefully in the following years

Is Larger Scale Better? Evidence from Rice Farming in Jianghan Plain

Small-scale household agricultural production has been in conflict with China＇s agricultural modernization.In the context of vigorously promoting rural land circulation and moderate scale management nationwide,research on the relationship between farm size and scale efficiency has become increasingly important.In this paper,we use the ＂DEA-OLS＂ two stage method to analyze data from 368 surveys of rice farming households in the Jianghan Plain.The scale efficiency of rice farming was calculated,and the relationship between farm size and scale efficiency investigated.The results indicate that（1） the rice farm size is generally small in Jianghan Plain,with an average of 0.77 ha.The average scale efficiency is 0.88,and it is the main factor limiting an increase in comprehensive technical efficiency.Moreover,88.32% of households are in the stage of increasing returns to scale.（2） There is a stable inverted ＂U＂ type relationship between rice farm size and scale efficiency.Considering characteristics of the householder,the household and land quality,the maximum scale efficiency corresponds to a household with 5 ha of rice farm.（3） Among householder characteristics,age has a significant negative influence on scale efficiency,and scale efficiency is lower for a household whose householder is engaged in non-farm work than for one whose householder is devoted to farming.As for land quality,there was a significant positive effect of irrigation on scale efficiency.Among family characteristics,the application of a machine during the seeding process increased scale efficiency by 3.07%.Therefore,we suggest that local government should actively promote rural land circulation,implement a staged-scale management subsidy,and other forms of support for the purchase of agricultural machinery and technical popularization.Increased investment in irrigation improvements and mechanical facilities and encouragement of farmers to enlarge their farm size could improve scale efficiency and farming profit and lead to the development of moderate scale management.

Ecophysiological responses of two poplar species to intraspecific and interspecific competition under different nitrogen levels

Aims Populus deltoides and P.euramericana are widely used in China as major forestry species.At present,little is known about their responses to nitrogen(N)deficiency when grown in monocultures or mixed plantations.The aim of this investigation was to analyze the growth,and morphological and physiological responses of P.deltoides and P.euramericana to different N levels under competition conditions.Methods We employed two Populus species(P.deltoides and P.euramericana)to discover how N deficiency affects plant traits under different competition types(P.deltoides×P.deltoides,intraspecific competition;P.euramericana×P.euramericana,intraspecific competition;P.deltoides×P.euramericana,interspecific competition).Potted seedlings were exposed to two N levels(normal N,N deficiency),and nitrogen-and competition-driven differences in growth,morphology and physiology were examined.Important Findings Under normal N conditions,interspecific competition significantly decreased the total root weight,root mass fraction(RMF),root–shoot ratio(R/S)and carbon/nitrogen ratio(C/N),and increased the leaf dry weight,leaf mass fraction and total leaf area of P.euramericana compared with intraspecific competition.The same conditions significantly affected the growth and morphological variables of P.deltoides,except for the dry weight of fine roots,R/S,specific leaf area,RMF,total nitrogen content and C/N compared with intraspecific competition.In addition,chlorophyll a(Chla),total chlorophyll(Tchl),carotenoid contents(Caro)and the carbon isotope composition(δ13C)of P.deltoides were significantly lower in interspecific competition than in intraspecific competition,but no difference was detected in P.euramericana.The effects of N deficiency on P.deltoides under intraspecific competition were stronger than under interspecific competition.In contrast,the effects of N deficiency on P.euramericana between intraspecific and interspecific competition were not significantly different.These results suggest that under normal N condition,P.deltoides is expected to gain an advantage in monocultures rather than in mixtures with P.euramericana.Under N deficiency,the growth performance of P.euramericana was more stable than that of P.deltoides under both cultivation modes.