An experiment was designed to select economically valuable macroalga species with high nutrient uptake rates. Such species cultured on a large scale could be a potential solution to eutrophication. Three macroalgae sp...An experiment was designed to select economically valuable macroalga species with high nutrient uptake rates. Such species cultured on a large scale could be a potential solution to eutrophication. Three macroalgae species, Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta), Gelidium amansii (Rhodophyta) and Sargassum enerve (Phaeophyta), were chosen for the experiment because of their economic values and availability. Control and four nitrogen concentrations were achieved by adding NH + 4 and NO - 3. The results indicate that the fresh weights of all species increase faster than that of control after 5 d culture. The fresh weight of Ulva pertusa increases fastest among the 3 species. However, different species show different responses to nitrogen source and its availability. They also show the advantage of using NH + 4 than using NO - 3. U. pertusa grows best and shows higher capability of removing nitrogen at 200 μmol L -1 , but it has lower economical value. G. amansii has higher economical value but lower capability of removing nitrogen at 200 μmol L -1 . The capability of nitrogen assimilation of S. enerve is higher than that of G. amansii at 200 μmol L -1 , but the former’s increase of fresh weight is lower than those of other two species. Then present preliminary study demonstrates that it is possible to use macroalgae as biofilters and further development of this approach could provide biologically valuable information on the source, fate, and transport of N in marine ecosystems. Caution is needed should we extrapolate these findings to natural environments.展开更多
A study was carried out on contribution of iron pbosphate to phosphorus nutrition of rice plant nnderwaterlogged and moist conditions, respectively, by use of synthetic Fe￣(32) PO_4 . nH_2O, tagging directly the iron...A study was carried out on contribution of iron pbosphate to phosphorus nutrition of rice plant nnderwaterlogged and moist conditions, respectively, by use of synthetic Fe￣(32) PO_4 . nH_2O, tagging directly the ironphophate in calcareous paddy soils.Results showed that under waterlogged condition, similar to iron phosphate in acidic paddy soils, that incalcareous paddy soils was an important source of phosphorus to rice plant, and the amount of phosphorusoriginated from it generally constituted 30-65% of the total phosphorus absorbed by rice plant.展开更多
Fe, Chlorophyll (Chl) and total nitrogen (TN) content in tissues were measured in Fe-deficient cultures of Ulva. pertusa over a period of 60 days. Photosynthetic carbon fixation rates were studied at the start of and ...Fe, Chlorophyll (Chl) and total nitrogen (TN) content in tissues were measured in Fe-deficient cultures of Ulva. pertusa over a period of 60 days. Photosynthetic carbon fixation rates were studied at the start of and 30 days after Fe-deficiency culture, when the effects of Fe-deficiency on the ultrastructure were also analyzed. The iron content in tissue decreased exponentially during Fe-deficiency (from 726.7 to 31.6 μg/gdw) and simultaneously Chl and TN content declined to 4.35% and 59.9% of their original levels respectively. Maximum carbon fixation rate (50-250 μmol/m 2 s) under Fe-deficiency decreased significantly compared with the control (p<0.01) and was 13.6 to 0.365 μg C /cm 2 h. Photosynthesis in Fe-deficient cells became light-saturated at lower irradiance than that in control. Ultrastructural observations of Fe-deficient cells showed reductions in chloroplast number, some degeneration of lamellar organization, an increase in vacuolar area, a decrease in mitochondrial matrix density, and variation in accumulation body number and morphology. During Fe-deficiency, the algae growth rate continued to decline and after 6 weeks of iron deficiency, no further growth was detectable. These suggested that the lower growth rate of Ulva. pertusa under Fe-deficiency could be due mainly to nitrogen utilization and inhibition of photosynthesis.展开更多
The pot experiment was carried out in this study to further explore the impact of plant nutrient, slaked lime, pokeberry root powder on cadmium （Cd） absorption by rice, and to screen practical agronomic measures whi...The pot experiment was carried out in this study to further explore the impact of plant nutrient, slaked lime, pokeberry root powder on cadmium （Cd） absorption by rice, and to screen practical agronomic measures which could reduce the accumulation of cadmium. In the control treatment nothing but water was sprayed into rice, while in other treatments, plant nutrient, slaked lime and pokeberry root powder were sprayed on rice at the tillering stage, the heading stage and the dough stage, respectively. The plant samples and soil samples were collected after the harvest and then analyzed on aimed indexes. The results showed that Cd contents in rice plants were significantly decreased, total Cd contents in brown rice were significantly （P〈0.05） decreased after rice was sprayed with plant nutrient, slaked lime and pokeberry root powder at different growing stages. However, while rice was sprayed with the three materials all at the tillering stage, the heading stage and the dough stage, the total Cd contents in brown rice were decreased by a maximum reduction that was 53.4% to 57.5% below that of the control, which was signifcantly （P〈0.05） lower than other treatments. Meanwhile, the biggest reduction of Cd inrice sprayed with the three materials at the tillering stage was 19.6% to 35.1% below that of the control, which was signifcantly （P〈0.05） lower than other treatments. In conclusion, spraying plant nutrient, slaked lime and pokeberry root powder on rice at different growing stages could not only reduce the absorption accumulation of Cd by root system, but also change the activities of rice and physical and chemical properties of soil, and then inhibit the absorption of Cd by the root system and the transfer of Cd in the rice plant. Therefore, the multiple factors may be the main causes of reducing Cd contents in the brown rice when the three materials are sprayed on rice at different growing stages.展开更多
Currently, oil companies face the ＂new normal＂ condition that the profit of their upstream business is shrinking with the plunge of oil price. This problem challenges the operation and management of the upstream bus...Currently, oil companies face the ＂new normal＂ condition that the profit of their upstream business is shrinking with the plunge of oil price. This problem challenges the operation and management of the upstream business. Therefore, it is essential to find out ＆e new approaches and key points of work, to achieve the goal of realizing a quality and sustainable development. From ten aspects, this paper discusses ＆e challenges facing ＆e upstream business of oil companies and puts forward corresponding roadmaps and strategies.展开更多
Rocky habitats are regarded as biodiversity hot-spots. Along with high species diversity, diverse ecological relationships can be observed in these habitats. Large groups of bird species use rocks in various ways： as...Rocky habitats are regarded as biodiversity hot-spots. Along with high species diversity, diverse ecological relationships can be observed in these habitats. Large groups of bird species use rocks in various ways： as perching/roosting sites, breeding or foraging habitats, information exchange sites, display arenas or as sources of minerals and water. Because of the inaccessibility of these environments, their role and importance to animals has been underestimated. We evaluated the use of rocky habitats by birds in the Tatra Mountains （49°13′N; 19°57′E, Carpathians, central Europe）. Rocky habitats were used by 29 bird species, eight of which used cliffs directly （i.e. for nesting, foraging or resting）. The number of species recorded as using cliffs was correlated with the surface area of the cliff face. A total of 2o forms of rocky habitat use were recorded, in five behavioural categories： vocalization, foraging, perching, flight and nesting. Prevailing behaviours were flying by a rock face, circling above the face, and vocalization on a tree/shrub growing next to a rock. Rocks provide a nesting habitat for specialized petrophilic species and permit the existence of numerous ecological relations between species and habitats. The results of this study show that rocky habitats support the diversity of ecological relationships.展开更多
Sweet basil （Ocimum basilicum L.） is a popular culinary herbal crop grown for the fresh or dry leaf, essential oil and seed markets. Recently, basil has been shown to rank highest among spices and herbal crops for x...Sweet basil （Ocimum basilicum L.） is a popular culinary herbal crop grown for the fresh or dry leaf, essential oil and seed markets. Recently, basil has been shown to rank highest among spices and herbal crops for xanthophyll carotenoids, which are associated with a decreased risk of cancer and age-related eye diseases. Nitrogen fertilizer encourages vegetative growth and increases oil yield in aromatic plants by enhancing leaf area development and photosynthetic rate. Our goal was to determine the influence of different concentrations of nitrogen （N） fertilization on basil physiology. The trial examined the cultivation of Ocimum basilicum L. （variety Genovese gigante）. The experiment was carried out under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The experiment considered the adoption of three nitrogen （N） treatments （0, 160, 240 kg N ha-1）. The following biometric parameters were determined： plant height, leaves per plant, leaf to stem ratio, number of branchings per plant, leaf area index （LAI）, above-ground fresh and leaf biomass. Considering the parameters most strictly linked to the economic results （total fresh weight, fresh weight of the leaves and total dry weight）, we found that 160 kg N ha^-1 treatment showed the best performance.展开更多
In 2015, China＇s oil companies＇ overseas equity oil has grown steadily to approximately 150 million tonnes. State-owned oil majors have turned from scale-oriented to profit-oriented by adjusting investment speed and...In 2015, China＇s oil companies＇ overseas equity oil has grown steadily to approximately 150 million tonnes. State-owned oil majors have turned from scale-oriented to profit-oriented by adjusting investment speed and optimizing portfolio to improve operating profit of overseas business. The overseas investment of private oil companies mainly focused on two fields： the first is to invest in countries along the Belt and Road （the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road）, and the second is to enter the oil industry of the developed countries by M＆A. Limited progress has been made in ＆e foreign cooperation of domestic upstream sector, while new changes emerged in the foreign cooperation of upstream sector. Some planned projects were postponed or delayed due to domestic or international market changes. Private oil companies, however, began to cooperate with foreign companies in the downstream sector after the former got the right to import crude oil.展开更多
Sillimanite, chemically named aluminum silicate, 3Al2O3SiO2 is one of the three forms of alumino silicate polymorphs and commonly encountered in aluminous metamorphic, plutonic and volcanic rocks and their weathering ...Sillimanite, chemically named aluminum silicate, 3Al2O3SiO2 is one of the three forms of alumino silicate polymorphs and commonly encountered in aluminous metamorphic, plutonic and volcanic rocks and their weathering products. Traditionally in India, sillimanite is upgraded by froth floatation technique using oleic acid as a collector cum frother, sodium silicate as depressant and soda ash as pH regulator. At TSPL （Trimex Sands Pvt Ltd）, conventional mechanical float cells are installed to float sillimanite. In addition to the usual problems associated with conventional cells, poor flow ability of the sillimanite concentrate is experienced in dry circuit due to the presence of sodium oleate. Fine garnet in the sillimanite concentrate contributes to high iron content in the final product, making sillimanite separation a nightmare for operators （lower recoveries coupled with inferior grades）. Various efforts were made to improve the performance of the circuit such as introduction of additional frother like MIBC （methyl ISO butyl carbinol）, optimizing the operating parameters such as pulp density, collector dosage, depressant dosage, air flow rate, pH etc., use of collector aids, stage wise addition of reagents etc.. The challenges faced to produce a sillimanite product with stringent quality norms and the efforts made to improve the grade and recovery are described in this paper.展开更多
With the rapid growth of coal chemical industry in China, the selection and application of Air Separation Unit(ASU) became very important. As the core unit in coal chemical industry, ASU will greatly impact the engine...With the rapid growth of coal chemical industry in China, the selection and application of Air Separation Unit(ASU) became very important. As the core unit in coal chemical industry, ASU will greatly impact the engineering construction and operation/production of coal chemical business. In this paper, major suppliers of ASU at home and abroad were reviewed, and the major supplying status of ASU in China was introduced. The ASUs in operation of SINOPEC were listed and discussed. On this basis, some suggestions of ASU selection strategies were provided on localization, standardization and operation methods.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 40206020,40306025)National Fundamental Research Program of China(No.2001CB409702)the US National Science Foundation
文摘An experiment was designed to select economically valuable macroalga species with high nutrient uptake rates. Such species cultured on a large scale could be a potential solution to eutrophication. Three macroalgae species, Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta), Gelidium amansii (Rhodophyta) and Sargassum enerve (Phaeophyta), were chosen for the experiment because of their economic values and availability. Control and four nitrogen concentrations were achieved by adding NH + 4 and NO - 3. The results indicate that the fresh weights of all species increase faster than that of control after 5 d culture. The fresh weight of Ulva pertusa increases fastest among the 3 species. However, different species show different responses to nitrogen source and its availability. They also show the advantage of using NH + 4 than using NO - 3. U. pertusa grows best and shows higher capability of removing nitrogen at 200 μmol L -1 , but it has lower economical value. G. amansii has higher economical value but lower capability of removing nitrogen at 200 μmol L -1 . The capability of nitrogen assimilation of S. enerve is higher than that of G. amansii at 200 μmol L -1 , but the former’s increase of fresh weight is lower than those of other two species. Then present preliminary study demonstrates that it is possible to use macroalgae as biofilters and further development of this approach could provide biologically valuable information on the source, fate, and transport of N in marine ecosystems. Caution is needed should we extrapolate these findings to natural environments.
文摘A study was carried out on contribution of iron pbosphate to phosphorus nutrition of rice plant nnderwaterlogged and moist conditions, respectively, by use of synthetic Fe￣(32) PO_4 . nH_2O, tagging directly the ironphophate in calcareous paddy soils.Results showed that under waterlogged condition, similar to iron phosphate in acidic paddy soils, that incalcareous paddy soils was an important source of phosphorus to rice plant, and the amount of phosphorusoriginated from it generally constituted 30-65% of the total phosphorus absorbed by rice plant.
文摘Fe, Chlorophyll (Chl) and total nitrogen (TN) content in tissues were measured in Fe-deficient cultures of Ulva. pertusa over a period of 60 days. Photosynthetic carbon fixation rates were studied at the start of and 30 days after Fe-deficiency culture, when the effects of Fe-deficiency on the ultrastructure were also analyzed. The iron content in tissue decreased exponentially during Fe-deficiency (from 726.7 to 31.6 μg/gdw) and simultaneously Chl and TN content declined to 4.35% and 59.9% of their original levels respectively. Maximum carbon fixation rate (50-250 μmol/m 2 s) under Fe-deficiency decreased significantly compared with the control (p<0.01) and was 13.6 to 0.365 μg C /cm 2 h. Photosynthesis in Fe-deficient cells became light-saturated at lower irradiance than that in control. Ultrastructural observations of Fe-deficient cells showed reductions in chloroplast number, some degeneration of lamellar organization, an increase in vacuolar area, a decrease in mitochondrial matrix density, and variation in accumulation body number and morphology. During Fe-deficiency, the algae growth rate continued to decline and after 6 weeks of iron deficiency, no further growth was detectable. These suggested that the lower growth rate of Ulva. pertusa under Fe-deficiency could be due mainly to nitrogen utilization and inhibition of photosynthesis.
文摘The pot experiment was carried out in this study to further explore the impact of plant nutrient, slaked lime, pokeberry root powder on cadmium （Cd） absorption by rice, and to screen practical agronomic measures which could reduce the accumulation of cadmium. In the control treatment nothing but water was sprayed into rice, while in other treatments, plant nutrient, slaked lime and pokeberry root powder were sprayed on rice at the tillering stage, the heading stage and the dough stage, respectively. The plant samples and soil samples were collected after the harvest and then analyzed on aimed indexes. The results showed that Cd contents in rice plants were significantly decreased, total Cd contents in brown rice were significantly （P〈0.05） decreased after rice was sprayed with plant nutrient, slaked lime and pokeberry root powder at different growing stages. However, while rice was sprayed with the three materials all at the tillering stage, the heading stage and the dough stage, the total Cd contents in brown rice were decreased by a maximum reduction that was 53.4% to 57.5% below that of the control, which was signifcantly （P〈0.05） lower than other treatments. Meanwhile, the biggest reduction of Cd inrice sprayed with the three materials at the tillering stage was 19.6% to 35.1% below that of the control, which was signifcantly （P〈0.05） lower than other treatments. In conclusion, spraying plant nutrient, slaked lime and pokeberry root powder on rice at different growing stages could not only reduce the absorption accumulation of Cd by root system, but also change the activities of rice and physical and chemical properties of soil, and then inhibit the absorption of Cd by the root system and the transfer of Cd in the rice plant. Therefore, the multiple factors may be the main causes of reducing Cd contents in the brown rice when the three materials are sprayed on rice at different growing stages.
文摘Currently, oil companies face the ＂new normal＂ condition that the profit of their upstream business is shrinking with the plunge of oil price. This problem challenges the operation and management of the upstream business. Therefore, it is essential to find out ＆e new approaches and key points of work, to achieve the goal of realizing a quality and sustainable development. From ten aspects, this paper discusses ＆e challenges facing ＆e upstream business of oil companies and puts forward corresponding roadmaps and strategies.
基金financed in part from state funds allocated to science (Project No.N30509732/3259)
文摘Rocky habitats are regarded as biodiversity hot-spots. Along with high species diversity, diverse ecological relationships can be observed in these habitats. Large groups of bird species use rocks in various ways： as perching/roosting sites, breeding or foraging habitats, information exchange sites, display arenas or as sources of minerals and water. Because of the inaccessibility of these environments, their role and importance to animals has been underestimated. We evaluated the use of rocky habitats by birds in the Tatra Mountains （49°13′N; 19°57′E, Carpathians, central Europe）. Rocky habitats were used by 29 bird species, eight of which used cliffs directly （i.e. for nesting, foraging or resting）. The number of species recorded as using cliffs was correlated with the surface area of the cliff face. A total of 2o forms of rocky habitat use were recorded, in five behavioural categories： vocalization, foraging, perching, flight and nesting. Prevailing behaviours were flying by a rock face, circling above the face, and vocalization on a tree/shrub growing next to a rock. Rocks provide a nesting habitat for specialized petrophilic species and permit the existence of numerous ecological relations between species and habitats. The results of this study show that rocky habitats support the diversity of ecological relationships.
文摘Sweet basil （Ocimum basilicum L.） is a popular culinary herbal crop grown for the fresh or dry leaf, essential oil and seed markets. Recently, basil has been shown to rank highest among spices and herbal crops for xanthophyll carotenoids, which are associated with a decreased risk of cancer and age-related eye diseases. Nitrogen fertilizer encourages vegetative growth and increases oil yield in aromatic plants by enhancing leaf area development and photosynthetic rate. Our goal was to determine the influence of different concentrations of nitrogen （N） fertilization on basil physiology. The trial examined the cultivation of Ocimum basilicum L. （variety Genovese gigante）. The experiment was carried out under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The experiment considered the adoption of three nitrogen （N） treatments （0, 160, 240 kg N ha-1）. The following biometric parameters were determined： plant height, leaves per plant, leaf to stem ratio, number of branchings per plant, leaf area index （LAI）, above-ground fresh and leaf biomass. Considering the parameters most strictly linked to the economic results （total fresh weight, fresh weight of the leaves and total dry weight）, we found that 160 kg N ha^-1 treatment showed the best performance.
文摘In 2015, China＇s oil companies＇ overseas equity oil has grown steadily to approximately 150 million tonnes. State-owned oil majors have turned from scale-oriented to profit-oriented by adjusting investment speed and optimizing portfolio to improve operating profit of overseas business. The overseas investment of private oil companies mainly focused on two fields： the first is to invest in countries along the Belt and Road （the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road）, and the second is to enter the oil industry of the developed countries by M＆A. Limited progress has been made in ＆e foreign cooperation of domestic upstream sector, while new changes emerged in the foreign cooperation of upstream sector. Some planned projects were postponed or delayed due to domestic or international market changes. Private oil companies, however, began to cooperate with foreign companies in the downstream sector after the former got the right to import crude oil.
文摘Sillimanite, chemically named aluminum silicate, 3Al2O3SiO2 is one of the three forms of alumino silicate polymorphs and commonly encountered in aluminous metamorphic, plutonic and volcanic rocks and their weathering products. Traditionally in India, sillimanite is upgraded by froth floatation technique using oleic acid as a collector cum frother, sodium silicate as depressant and soda ash as pH regulator. At TSPL （Trimex Sands Pvt Ltd）, conventional mechanical float cells are installed to float sillimanite. In addition to the usual problems associated with conventional cells, poor flow ability of the sillimanite concentrate is experienced in dry circuit due to the presence of sodium oleate. Fine garnet in the sillimanite concentrate contributes to high iron content in the final product, making sillimanite separation a nightmare for operators （lower recoveries coupled with inferior grades）. Various efforts were made to improve the performance of the circuit such as introduction of additional frother like MIBC （methyl ISO butyl carbinol）, optimizing the operating parameters such as pulp density, collector dosage, depressant dosage, air flow rate, pH etc., use of collector aids, stage wise addition of reagents etc.. The challenges faced to produce a sillimanite product with stringent quality norms and the efforts made to improve the grade and recovery are described in this paper.
文摘With the rapid growth of coal chemical industry in China, the selection and application of Air Separation Unit(ASU) became very important. As the core unit in coal chemical industry, ASU will greatly impact the engineering construction and operation/production of coal chemical business. In this paper, major suppliers of ASU at home and abroad were reviewed, and the major supplying status of ASU in China was introduced. The ASUs in operation of SINOPEC were listed and discussed. On this basis, some suggestions of ASU selection strategies were provided on localization, standardization and operation methods.
