葡萄酒渣复混肥对制种玉米田改土培肥效应研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了葡萄酒渣复混肥对制种玉米田的改土培肥效应。结果表明:制种玉米田施用葡萄酒渣复混肥与传统化肥相比,容重和p H分别降低12.65%和1.92%;总孔隙度、团聚体和饱和持水量分别增加21.23%、17.39%和21.23%;有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾增加5.52%、1.28%、0.59%和0.11%;真菌、细菌和放线菌增加58.49%、36.27%和21.52%;蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶增加53.63%、5.64%和7.41%;玉米穗粒数、穗粒重、百粒重和产量增加2.09%、6.85%、9.14%和12.37%。葡萄酒渣复混肥与玉米产量间的肥料效应回归方程为:y=5.39+0.8478x-0.0859x2,最大利润施肥量为3.60t/hm2,玉米理论产量为7.33t/hm2。

戈壁沙荒地红地球葡萄喷施葡萄专用肥的效果

戈壁沙荒地红地球葡萄喷施葡萄专用肥试验结果表明:开花前、坐果期、幼果膨大期各喷施1次葡萄专用营养肥(100g营养液对水70kg),结果枝、营养枝叶片厚度分别比对照高0.17mm、0.04mm,结果枝、营养枝粗度分别比对照增加0.44cm、0.12cm,结果枝、营养枝节间长度比对照分别减少0.70cm、0.80cm,平均穗质量、粒质量分别比对照增加325g、3.6g,硬度提高2.2kg/m2,可溶性固形物含量提高16.34%,坐果率比对照高6.11%,株产比对照高27.39%,667m2增产231kg,667m2收入提高1293.6元。

生物有机肥对红富士树体生长及土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以7年生烟富3苹果为试材,探讨了45%有机肥和生物有机肥(葡萄籽肥和海藻肥)对果树生物量及土壤微生物环境的影响,为果树优质高效生产和减量施用化肥提供科学依据。试验共设置3个处理:45%有机肥11 250 kg/hm^2(E)、海藻有机肥11 250 kg/hm^2(F)、葡萄籽有机肥4 500 kg/hm^2(G),于果实成熟期采集土壤样品及果实,测定其生物量及果实品质等相关指标,应用高通量测序技术研究不同处理后不同土层微生物多样性的变化。与45%有机肥处理对照相比较,生物有机肥处理后提高了树体的株高、冠径、产量和品质,海藻肥处理后树体叶丛枝和短果枝比例、平均单果质量以及果实品质均优于葡萄籽肥,外围新梢表现为葡萄籽肥最高。对于0~20 cm土层,海藻肥处理后显著降低了土壤细菌Simpson指数,提高了土壤细菌Shannon指数,葡萄籽肥处理结果与此相反;海藻肥和葡萄籽肥处理均提高了土壤0~20 cm土层真菌Ace、Chao1和Simpson指数,降低了Shannon指数。对于20~40 cm土层,海藻肥处理后降低了土壤细菌和真菌Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数,显著提高了Simpson指数,葡萄籽肥处理结果与此相反。海藻肥处理后提高了0~20和20~40 cm土层酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)的相对丰度,降低了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度;葡萄籽肥处理后降低了0~20和20~40 cm土层酸杆菌门的相对丰度,提高了0~20 cm土层变形菌门的相对丰度,降低了20~40 cm土层变形菌门的相对丰度,降低了0~20 cm土层拟杆菌门的相对丰度,提高了20~40cm土层拟杆菌门的相对丰度。子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和接合菌门(Zygomycota)是土壤中含量最丰富的两大真菌,对0~20 cm土层来说,海藻肥和葡萄籽肥处理均提高了子囊菌门的相对丰度,降低了接合菌门的相对丰度,对20~40 cm土层来说,海藻肥和葡萄籽肥处理均提高了接合菌门的相对丰度,海藻肥处理提高了子囊菌门的相对丰度,较对照提高了56.88%,葡萄籽肥处理降低了子囊菌门的相对丰度。土壤物种丰度聚类热图结果显示不同土层之间存在差异,葡萄籽肥处理与对照处理之间差异较大。葡萄籽肥和海藻肥处理均有助于红富士树体树高、干径、东西冠径以及外围新梢的增大,且枝类结构更为合理,不同生物有机肥处理后改变了土壤细菌和真菌的群落多样性及结构,土壤细菌多样性增加,真菌多样性降低,改善了土壤微生物环境,为生物有机肥的推广奠定了基础。

基于循环模式下氮、磷、钾流动分析——以河西走廊凉州示范区为例

以河西走廊绿洲灌区绿色农业模式小麦 - 双孢菇 - 肥 - 葡萄为研究对象,采用定量研究与定性分析相结合的方法,研究绿色农业循环模式中农田、设施单作及整个系统的氮、磷、钾投入产出,探明模式的物质循环规律。结果表明,该模式中,N、P、K 养分产投比分别为 0. 95、1. 12、0. 75,远远高于农田单作系统和设施单作系统,在农田单作系统中养分产投比低,在设施单作系统中,养分产投比高; 还田纯 N、P、K 占总输入量的 27%、60%、39%; 在凉州示范区,构建家庭式中小规模经营的 "小麦 - 双孢菇 - 肥 - 设施葡萄"绿色农业循环模式,是充分合理并高效利用当地水资源及农业废弃资源的有效途径。

Changes of ghrelin following oral glucose tolerance test in obese children with insulin resistance

AIM： To characterize changes in ghrelin levels in response to oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） and to correlate changes in ghrelin levels with changes in insulin and glucose following OGTT in Chinese obese children of Tanner Ⅰ and Ⅱ stage with insulin resistance. METHODS： 22 obese children with insulin resistance state were divided into four groups according to their Tanner stage and gender： boys of Tanner Ⅰ （fir- Ⅰ ）, boys of Tanner Ⅱ（BT-Ⅱ ）, girls of Tanner Ⅰ （GT- Ⅰ ）, girls of Tanner Ⅱ （GT-Ⅱ）. Ghrelin, insulin and glucose were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 rain following OGTT. The control children with normal BMI were divided into control boys of Tanner Ⅰ （CBT- Ⅰ, n = 6）, control boys of Tanner Ⅱ （CBT-Ⅱ, n = 5）, control girls of Tanner Ⅰ （CGT- Ⅰ, n = 6）, control girls of Tanner Ⅱ （CGT-Ⅱ, n = 5）. Fasting serum ghrelin levels were analyzed. RESULTS： Ghrelin levels were lower in obese groups. Ghrelin levels of control group decreased in Tanner Ⅱ stage （CGT- Ⅰ vs CGT-Ⅱ t = -4.703, P = 0.001; CBT- Ⅰ vs CBT- Ⅱ t = -4.794, P = 0.001）. Basal ghrelin levels in fir-Ⅱ decreased more significantly than that in BT- Ⅰ group （t = 2.547, P = 0.029）. Ghrelin levels expressed a downward trend after OGTT among obese children. The decrease in ghrelin levels at 60 min with respect to basal values was 56.9% in BT- Ⅰ. Ghrelin concentrations at 0 min correlated directly with glucose level at 0 min in fir- Ⅰ （r = 0.898, P = 0.015）. There wasn＇t a significant correlation of ghrelin changes with glucose changes and insulin changes during OGTT in obese children with insulin resistance. CONCLUSION： In conclusion, in obese children with insulin resistance, ghrelin levels decreased with advancing pubertal stage. Ghrelin secretion suppression following OGTT was influenced by gender and pubertal stage. Baseline ghrelin levels and ghrelin suppression after OGTT did not significantly correlate with the degree of insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity.

Effects of octreotide on glucose transporter type 2expression in obese rat small intestine

AIM： TO investigate the effects of the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, on maltose and sucrase activities and expression of glucose transporter type 2 （GLUT2） in obese rat intestinal mucosa. METHODS： We divided 49 Sprague-Dawley rats into a group of 31 high fat diet-induced obese rats and a group of 18 normal controls. The obese rats were separated into an octreotide treated group 9f 16 rats and an obese group of 15. The intervention （：jroup was injected with octreotide at 40 ±g/kg body weight every 12 h for 8 d. Rat body weight was measured weekly to calculate Lee＇s index. After euthanization, maltase and sucrase activities in the small intestine were measured by activity assays, and the fasting plasma glucose level was measured. The expression of GLUT2 in small intestinal mucosa was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting assays. RESULTS： Body weight, Lee＇s index, fasting plasma glucose level, maltase activity in small intestinal mucosa, mucosa and apical GLUT2, GLUT2 mRNA and protein expression levels were all significantly higher in the obese group than in the normal control group （605.61 ± 141.00 vs 378.54 ±111.75, 337.61 ± 10.82 vs 318.73 ± 20.10, 8.60± 1.38 vs 7.33 ± 0.70, 156.01 ± 58.81 vs 50.43 ± 30.49, 390 744.2± 62 469.21 vs 170 546.50 ± 50 646.14, 26 740.18 ±3809.60 vs 354.98± 57.19, 0.26± 0.11 vs 0.07± 0.02, and 2.08 ± 0.59 vs 1.27 ± 0.38, respectively, all P 〈 0.01）. Sucrase activity did not differ between the two groups. Octreotide intervention significantly decreased the body weight and fasting plasma glucose level of obese rats （508.27 ± 94.39 vs 605.61 ± 141.00, 7.58 ± 1.51 vs 8.60±1.38, respectively, all P 〈 0.05）. The intestinal mucosa and apical GLUT2, expression of GLUT2 mRNA and protein were also significantly lower in the octreotide intervention group than in the obese group （269 975.2 ± 53 730.94 vs 390 744.2 ± 62 469.21, 3758.06 ± 364.51 vs 26 740.18 ± 3809.60, 0.08 ± 0.02 vs 0.26 ±0.11, and 1.31 ± 0.27 vs 2.08 ±0.59, respectively, all P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： High fat dietinduced obesity is associated with elevated intestinal maltase activity, GLUT2 expression, and permanent apical GLUT2 in the small intestinal mucosa of rats. Octreotide can inhibit these effects.

Breakfast,glycaemic index and health in young people

The often cited phrase 'breakfast is the most important meal of the day' may have been largely anecdotal and lacking empirical evidence originally,particularly where children and adolescents(young people) are concerned.However,there is now a large body of evidence demonstrating that regular breakfast consumption is associated with a variety of nutritional and lifestyle-related health outcomes in large diverse samples of young people,which may prevent weight gain,nutrient deficiency and reduce risk factors for chronic disease.This evidence has been reviewed previously,but the link between breakfast composition and health has received less attention.There is emerging evidence in young people that suggests certain breakfasts are particularly beneficial for health,with much of this evidence focusing on ready-to-eat cereals and breakfast glycaemic index(GI).Substituting a high GI(HGI) breakfast for a low GI(LGI) breakfast may be particularly beneficial for overweight young people through increased glycaemic control and satiety.Thus,the purpose of this paper is to extend previous reviews on breakfast consumption and health to provide a greater understanding of the role of breakfast composition,particularly breakfast GI.Unlike the evidence on breakfast consumption,which has often been based on large cross-sectional studies,the evidence on breakfast GI is based primarily on controlled experimental studies,often with relatively small samples.At times,it was necessary to refer to the adult-based literature in this review to support findings from young people or to highlight areas that are particularly lacking in empirical evidence in this population.Since breakfast consumption has declined in young people and also decreases from childhood to adolescence,strategies to promote regular consumption of a healthy breakfast in young people are warranted.Future research in young people should place greater emphasis on breakfast composition, consider the mechanisms controlling relationships between breakfast consumption and health,and investigate the benefits of habitual consumption of LGI compared with HGI breakfasts.

STUDY ON OBESITY RELATED FACTORS: FFA, LEPTIN AND ADIPONECTIN IN SUBJECTS WITH VARYING GLUCOSE TOLERANCE

Objective To study the fasting serum levels of obesity related factors: FFA, leptin and adi-ponectin in subjects with varying glucose tolerance and their relationship with BMI, insulin sensitivity index and isletbeta-cell function. Methods Serum levels of FFA, leptin and adiponectin in 24 normal, 32 simple obese, 34IGT and 36 T2DM subjects were measured by ACS-ACOD assay or RIA. Results The serum levels of leptin andFFA in three groups:simple obese, IGT and DM were much higher than those in normal control (P <0. 001). Incontrast, serum level of adiponectin of simple obese, IGT and DM groups were significant lower than that of normalcontrol, among them DM subjects had the lowest level (P <0. 001). Correlation analysis showed that FFA was pos-itively correlated to BMI, WHR, FBG, fasting insulin level and negatively correlated to SI; adiponectin was negativelycorrelated to BMI, WHR, FBG, PBG, but positively correlated to SI and AIRg; and leptin was positively correlated toBMI, fasting insulin and AIRg when negatively correlated to FBG and SI. None of them was correlated to age.Conclusion Subjects with insulin resistance have high serum FFA and leptin levels but low serum adiponectin level.With the glucose tolerance deterioration, serum FFA level increases much higher while the adiponectin deceases muchlower. Unlike insulin, none of these obesity related factors can be used as the simple indicating or determining factorof SI, though each of them, to different extent, takes part in the development of insulin resistance.

Compost Effect on Diuron Retention and Transport in Structured Vineyard Soils

Diuron is frequently detected in surface- and groundwater under the vineyards, where organic amendments are often used, in Burgundy of France. Undisturbed column experiments were conducted to study the influence of three composted organic amendments on diuron leaching through columns of two vineyard soils from Vosne-Roman′ee(VR, calcareous Cambisol) and Beaujolais(Bj, sandy Leptosol), France. Bromide(used as non-reactive tracer) and diuron breakthrough curves(BTCs) were analyzed using convectivedispersive equation(CDE), two-region(mobile-immobile, MIM) and two-site models. No influence of the composts was observed on the bromide recovery rates. The CDE model described well the bromide BTCs for all columns of the Bj soil and seven of the VR soil, suggesting a homogeneous water flow. However, for five VR soil columns, the MIM model fitted better, suggesting a partition of the water flow(15%–50% of matrix flow). The texture, the coarse material content and the tillage of the VR soil could explain this heterogeneity. However, for all columns, diuron leaching was greater through the Bj soil(46%–68%) than the VR soil(28%–39%). The compost addition resulted in a contrasting effect on diuron leaching: no difference or a decrease was observed for the VR soil, probably due to an increase of adsorption sites, whereas no difference or an increase was observed for the Bj soil possibly because of interactions and/or competition of diuron with the compost water-extractable organic matter which could facilitate its transport. All the diuron BTCs were best described using the two-site model, suggesting a large proportion of time-dependent sorption sites(30%–50%). The soil type and the nature of the amendments had contrasting influences on diuron transport. Composts with a high water-soluble fraction must be avoided in sandy soils to reduce the risk of groundwater contamination.

Soil Priming Effect Mediated by Nitrogen Fertilization Gradients in a Semi-arid Grassland, China

The priming effect is well acknowledged in soil systems but the effect of nitrogen(N)fertilization remains elusive.To explore how N modifies the priming effect in soil organic matter(SOM),one in situ experiment with 13C labeled glucose addition(0.4 mg C g^–1 soil,3.4 atom %^13C)was conducted on soil plots fertilized with three gradients of urea(0,4 and 16 g N m^–2 yr^–1).After glucose addition,the soil CO2 concentration and phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA)were measured on day 3,7,21 and 35.The study found that N fertilization decreased soil CO2,PLFA and the fungi to bacteria ratio.Glucose triggered the strongest positive priming in soil at 0 g N m^–2 yr^–2,meanwhile N fertilization decreased SOM-derived CO2.Soil at 4 g N m^–2 yr^–2 released the largest amount of glucose-derived carbon(C),likely due to favorable nutrient stoichiometry between C and N.Stable microbial community biomass and composition during early sampling suggests"apparent priming"in this grassland.This study concludes that N fertilization inhibited soil priming in semi-arid grassland,and shifted microbial utilization of C substrate from SOM to added labile C.Diverse microbial functions might be playing a crucial role in soil priming and requires attention in future N fertilization studies.