用通电刺激打破葡萄芽的休眠

(一)电压大小、刺激时间长短以及电流方向对打破休眠的影响为了调查对葡萄枝梢通电刺激打破芽休眠的效果。对直流电压大小、刺激时间长短以及对枝梢的电流方向进行了研究。即:于10月13日、14日,采集二年生"巨峰"的当年生枝,由基部向上着生7～12芽的部分,把它分成两段,选直径lcm、长度30cm左右的整齐的枝条,作为试验材料。

单氰胺打破葡萄冬芽休眠的生理响应

为探明单氰胺打破葡萄冬芽休眠的生理机制,以‘水晶’葡萄为材料,采用单氰胺进行处理,以蒸馏水处理为对照,观察葡萄冬芽萌芽情况并对其生理指标进行测定.结果表明:单氰胺处理后葡萄冬芽提早萌芽,与对照相比其多项生理指标中,POD活性、氮、可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量提高最显著,由此可见以上指标是单氰胺解除葡萄冬芽休眠的主要生理因子,可缩短葡萄冬芽萌芽周期,提高萌芽率和萌芽整齐度,促进冬芽生长.

破眠剂1号对葡萄冬芽休眠解除及萌芽过程中呼吸代谢的影响

以中需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’为试材,采用呼吸抑制剂法、借助氧电极,研究破眠剂1号解除葡萄冬芽自然休眠及促进萌芽过程中芽呼吸代谢的变化。结果表明:破眠剂1号处理葡萄休眠冬芽比对照萌发早、整齐,且萌芽率显著高于对照;破眠剂1号处理前期(休眠解除期)暂时抑制葡萄冬芽的总呼吸速率,后期(萌芽准备期)促进葡萄冬芽总呼吸速率迅速上升,并显著高于对照。破眠剂1号处理前期暂时抑制葡萄休眠冬芽的三羧酸循环和细胞色素途径的运行活性,激活磷酸戊糖途径和交替途径的运行活性,从而促进自然休眠的解除;处理后期抑制磷酸戊糖途径和交替途径的运行活性,促进三羧酸循环和细胞色素途径的运行活性,促进葡萄冬芽的萌发。综上所述,破眠剂1号可代替葡萄冬芽的部分需冷量,使其自然休眠解除并促进萌芽,冷量不足则阻碍这一过程。

巨玫瑰芽变葡萄种植关键技术初探

巨玫瑰芽变葡萄是由巨玫瑰芽培育而成的全新品种,具有玫瑰的香味,而且果肉偏硬,不容易出现裂果和掉粒的情况,长距离的运输也不会轻易变质。鉴于该品种的优点和果农对其种植的需求以及缺乏规范种植技术的现状,本文介绍了巨玫瑰芽变葡萄的苗木选择、栽植、冬剪以及日常管理等种植主要环节的关键技术,以期提高其种植效益,实现其规范化的种植管理。

特早熟葡萄“大粒六月紫”

“大粒六月紫”葡萄,是山东省济南市的农艺师周建中从“六月紫”葡萄芽变中选育而成,1999年通过山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定,准予向全国推广。

特早熟葡萄“大粒六月紫”

“大粒六月紫”葡萄,是山东省济南市的周建中从“六月紫”葡萄芽变中选育而成,1999年通过山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定,准予推广。

葡萄金龟

近年来金龟子对葡萄的为害在我市各县区呈上升趋势,被害程度越来越严重。从葡萄萌芽开始直至果实采收,在不同生育期,有多种金龟子对葡萄的芽、叶、花及果实连续为害,造成了减产和降低了品质。

优质葡萄新品种——户太8号

“户太8号”葡萄,是陕西省户县葡萄研究所利用奥林匹亚葡萄芽变选育的优良葡萄新品种1995年获中国杨陵农科城农业科研新成果博览会“后稷金像”奖,并通过陕西省农作物新品种审定。

葡萄冬剪与埋土防寒

一、葡萄的冬季修剪 1、冬剪时间 11月中下旬—12月初为宜,最迟要在次年流伤期前2—3周内修剪结束。弱树修剪越早越好,强旺树可适当推迟。

“打点滴”防治葡萄黑痘病效果好

葡萄黑痘病是葡萄种植区普遍发生的主要病害,其为害葡萄植株绿色幼嫩部分,从萌芽到生长后期均会发生,春夏季尤为严重。近年来,我们仿用‘打点滴’的办法,对葡萄主秆自动滴输杀菌剂防治黑痘病,取得了明显的效果。其方法简单,省工省药,保护灭敌,减少污染,安全高效。其具体做法如下:

On the Bacteriostatic Activity of Bacillus subtilis and Pyraclostrobin as Well as Their Mixtures to Grape Anthracnose and the Field Disease Control Efficiency

[Objective] To screen out the biological compound bactericides for grape anthracnose, reduce and replace the use of chemical pesticide. [Methods] The de- termination on the indoor bacteriostatic activity of different proportions of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin to grape anthracnose was carried out, and mycelial growth rate method was adopted to determine the toxicity of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin as well as their 5 mixtures to grape anthracnose. [Results] The EC50 of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin as well as their mixture combinations of 1：1, 1：2, 1：3, 1：4 and 1：5 to grape anthracnose were respectively 1.969 8, 1.527 4, 1.373 2, 1.294 8 and 1.247 3 μg/ml; the synergistic coefficients （SR） of the 5 mix- ture combinations to grape anthracnose were 1.70, 1.25, 1.13, 1.12 and 1.12, re- spectively, in which the synergistic effect of 1：1 was the largest. The indoor biologi- cal activity of pyraclostrobin（EC50 was 1.054 0μg/ml） was higher than that of Bacil- lus subtilis（EC50 was 15.017 5 μg/ml）. 50 d after the agentia（before the harvesting）, the investigation results showed that 1 000-fold dilution, 1 500-fold dilution and 2 000- fold dilution as well as each single dosage of 20% pyraclostrobin .200×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subtili wettable powder all had better control efficiency to grape anthracnose after fruit setting and before bagging, in which the treatments of high concentration and middle concentration were higher than the treatments of low concentration and two single dosages： the highest control efficiency of high concentration was 90.03%, which was higher than all other treatments; the control efficiency of middle concen- tration was 87.01%, which was higher than that of low concentration and each sin- gle dosage; the control efficiency of low concentration was 84.11%, which was high- er than 1 000-fold dilution of 1 000×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subti/i wettable powder （the control efficiency was 64.60%） and 2 000-fold dilution of 250 g/L Bacillus subti/i wettable powder （the control efficiency was 81.07%）. In addition, each treatment al- so had better control efficiency to other cluster diseases, such as white rot, etc., and the control efficiency was almost the same as that of anthracnose. [Conclusion] It was suggested that the prevention concentration of 20% pyraclostrobin .200×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subtili wettable powder to grape anthracnose after fruit setting and before bagging was 1 000-fold - 2 000-fold dilution.

Inhibitory Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Staphylococcus aureus

[Objective] To produce drug resistance, seek non-toxic environmental so as to change the current biological drugs that did not excessive use of antibiotics. [Methods] A strain of Bacillus was purified and isolated from fresh and healthy in- testines of grass carps. Biochemical identification was carried out by conventional bacterial biochemical test method. Two pairs of primers were designed, 16S rRNA detection and sequencing analysis were carried out. Drug sensitive test was carried out by agar diffusion method. In vitro inhibition test on Staphylococcus aureus was carried out by Oxford cup method. [Results] The isolated bacterium had basically the same biochemical characters as Bacillus subtilis; and the homology reached 100%. Thus, the isolated bacterium was identified to be Bacillus subtilis. It was insensitive to amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G and so on, but sensitive to amikacin, cefalexin, ciprofloxacin and cefradine. The inhibitory effects of Bacillus subtilis on Staphylococ- cus aureus were significant. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） was 2.8×10^8×2^-5/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） was 2.8×10^8×2^-2/ml. [Conclusions] The isolated Bacillus subtilis could be used to prevent and control diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and reduce the abuse of antibiotics.

Toxicity Test and Field Control Effects of 4 Different Fungicides on Grape Downy Mildew

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the biocontrol activity of Streptomyces corchorusii strain NF0919 and Bacillus subtilis D J-6 WP to grape downy mildew. [Methed] We determined the indoor toxicity of the supernatant of S. corchorusii strain NF0919, 1.0×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP, mancozeb and dimethomorph on Plasmopara viticola by the leaf disc method, respectively, and a field efficacy trial was conducted. [Result] The results showed that the ECso values of the supernatant of strain NF0919, 1.0×1011cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP, mancozeb and dimethomorph were 96.285 9, 86.603 8, 69.947 2 and 7.263 6 μg/ml, respec- tively. The values of field efficacy in preventive experiments for grape downy mildew on the 7th day after 2 times of spraying 20 times diluent of the supernatant of strain NF0919 and 1 000 times diluent of 1.0×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP were 71.55% and 70.71%, respectively, and the values of field efficacy on the 14th day after the 2 times of fungicide application were 67.54% and 68.19%, respectively. The values of field efficacy in curative experiments on the 7th day after 2 times of spraying 20 times diluent of the supematant of strain NF0919 and 1 000 times diluent of 1.0×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP were 59.72% and 56.07%, respectively, and the val- ues of field efficacy on the 14th day after the 2 times of fungicide application were 56.88% and 57.46%, respectively. The field efficacy values of the 2 tested biocon- trol agents were equivalent. The protective effect showed no significant difference between each of tested biocontrol agents and 300 times diluent of 50% mancozeb WP, but there was a significant difference in the efficacy between each of tested biocontrol agents and 200 times diluent of 40% dimethomorph SC. [Conclusion] The S. corchorusii strain NF0919 and B. subtilis D J-6 WP had certain biocontrol poten- tial to grape downy mildew and development value.

Comparison of bacterial quantities in left and right colon biopsies and faeces

AIM:To compare quantities of predominant and pathogenic bacteria in mucosal and faecal samples.METHODS:Twenty patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy with endoscopically and histologically normal mucosa were recruited to the study,14 subjects of which also supplied faecal(F) samples between 15 d to 105 d post colonoscopy.Mucosal biopsies were taken from each subject from the midportion of the ascending colon(right side samples,RM) and the sigmoid(left side samples,LM).Predominant intestinal and mucosal bacteria including clostridial 16S rRNA gene clusters Ⅳ and ⅩⅣab,Bacteroidetes,Enterobacteriaceae,Bifidobacterium spp.,Akkermansia muciniphila(A.muciniphila),Veillonella spp.,Collinsella spp.,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii(F.prausnitzii) and putative pathogens such asEscherichia coli(E.coli),Clostridium difficile(C.difficile),Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) were analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR).Host DNA was quantified from the mucosal samples with human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene targeting qPCR.Paired t tests and the Pearson correlation were applied for statistical analysis.RESULTS:The most prominent bacterial groups were clostridial groups Ⅳ and ⅩⅣa+b andBacteroidetes and bacterial species F.prausnitzii in both sample types.H.pylori and S.aureus were not detected and C.difficile was detected in only one mucosal sample and three faecal samples.E.coli was detected in less than half of the mucosal samples at both sites,but was present in all faecal samples.All detected bacteria,except Enterobacteriaceae,were present at higher levels in the faeces than in the mucosa,but the different locations in the colon presented comparable quantities(RM,LM and F followed byP 1 for RMvs F,P 2 for LMvs F andP 3 for RM vs LM:4.17 ± 0.60 log 10 /g,4.16 ± 0.56 log 10 /g,5.88 ± 1.92 log 10 /g,P 1 = 0.011,P 2 = 0.0069,P 3 = 0.9778 forA.muciniphila;6.25 ± 1.3 log 10 /g,6.09 ± 0.81 log 10 /g,8.84 ± 1.38 log 10 /g,P 1 < 0.0001,P 2 = 0.0002,P 3 = 0.6893 forBacteroidetes;5.27 ± 1.68 log 10 /g,5.38 ± 2.06 log 10 /g,8.20 ± 1.14 log 10 /g,P 1 < 0.0001,P 2 ≤ 0.0001,P 3 = 0.7535 forBifidobacterium spp.;6.44 ± 1.15 log 10 /g,6.07 ±1.45 log 10 /g,9.74 ±1.13 log 10 /g,P 1 < 0.0001,P 2 ≤ 0.0001,P 3 = 0.637 forClostridium cluster Ⅳ;6.65 ± 1.23 log 10 /g,6.57 ± 1.52 log 10 /g,9.13 ± 0.96 log 10 /g,P 1 < 0.0001,P 2 ≤ 0.0001,P 3 = 0.9317 forClostridium cluster ⅩⅣa;4.57 ± 1.44 log10/g,4.63 ± 1.34 log10/g,7.05 ± 2.48 log 10 /g,P 1 = 0.012,P 2 = 0.0357,P 3 = 0.7973 for Collinsella spp.;7.66 ± 1.50 log 10 /g,7.60 ± 1.05 log 10 /g,10.02 ± 2.02 log 10 /g,P 1 ≤ 0.0001,P 2 = 0.0013,P 3 = 0.9919 forF.prausnitzsii;6.17 ± 1.3 log 10 /g,5.85 ± 0.93 log 10 /g,7.25 ± 1.01 log 10 /g,P 1 = 0.0243,P 2 = 0.0319,P 3 = 0.6982 for Veillonella spp.;4.68 ± 1.21 log 10 /g,4.71 ± 0.83 log 10 /g,5.70 ± 2.00 log 10 /g,P 1 = 0.1927,P 2 = 0.0605,P 3 = 0.6476 forEnterobacteriaceae).TheBifidobacterium spp.counts correlated significantly between mucosal sites and mucosal and faecal samples(Pearson correlation coefficients 0.62,P = 0.040 and 0.81,P = 0.005 between the right mucosal sample and faeces and the left mucosal sample and faeces,respectively).CONCLUSION:Non-invasive faecal samples do not reflect bacterial counts on the mucosa at the individual level,except for bifidobacteria often analysed in probiotic intervention studies.

Effects of glucose and gibberellic acid on glucosinolate content and antioxidant properties of Chinese kale sprouts

Glucosinolates, anthocyanins, total phenols, and vitamin C, as well as antioxidant capacity, were investigated in Chinese kale sprouts treated with both glucose and gibberellic acid（GA_3）. The combination of 3%（0.03 g/ml） glucose and 5 μmol/L GA_3 treatment was effective in increasing glucosinolate content while glucose or GA_3 treatment alone did not influence significantly almost all individual glucosinolates or total glucosinolates. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Chinese kale sprouts were enhanced by combined treatment with glucose and GA_3, which could be useful in improving the main health-promoting compounds and antioxidant activity in Chinese kale sprouts.