美国越橘属资源在蓝莓育种中的利用及发展趋势分析

蓝莓作为功能性小浆果的核心种类,因其果实口味独特、营养丰富、保健价值高,深受市场欢迎,现已形成全球规模的产业集群。蓝莓品种开发源于美国,追溯其历史均与美国越橘属植物资源的开发利用有关。美国野生越橘属资源有150余种,现利用其部分资源开发的蓝莓新品种有400多个。由于蓝莓育种过程中人为定向选择的因素较大,致使选育的品种遗传基础逐渐狭窄,抵抗生物或非生物胁迫的能力也逐渐下降。而野生越橘属植物资源种类繁多,在长期生存竞争和自然选择条件下积累了大量优质性状基因,是进行蓝莓品种改良的重要亲本材料。介绍了美国越橘属植物资源的种类、分布和生物学特征,阐述了利用美国主要野生越橘属植物资源培育蓝莓品种的过程,最后结合蓝莓育种目标,分析了美国野生越橘属资源的开发利用趋势,并对未来蓝莓品种改良方向进行了展望,以期为我国野生越橘属植物资源的开发与利用提供理论依据。

中国蓝莓产业中品种资源的选用取向与创新

中国蓝莓产业发展方兴未艾,潜在优势巨大。产业化早期由于对蓝莓生态特性认识不足,品种选用不当对产业发展造成巨大挑战。本文分析南方露地栽培产区近15年来的科研试种和生产实践,总结提出该产区应以兔眼蓝莓为产业基础,同时积极发掘和选育适应性强的南方高丛品种的战略。并以生产中表现优良的南方高丛蓝莓蓝美1号为例,提出我国蓝莓品种选育应以生态适应性作为评价和选用品种的第一要素,同时重视蓝莓近缘种种质基因的利用。

Study on Grafting and Cultivation of ‘Spartan'Blueberry

The results of grafting improvement and cultivation trials in the Yangtze River Delta of China showed that the rootstock cultivar had a great influence on plant growth and development, fruit yield and quality of ＂Spartan＂ blueberry. Among the seven rootstock-scion combinations, the northern highbush blueberry （Vaccinium corymbosum） cultivar ＂Croaton＇-＇Spartan＇ combination showed well-healed graft unions, large branch amount, early fruit bearing, high yield, excellent fruit quality and almost no tillers. As a kind of rootstock, ＂Croaton＇ was better than non-grafted ＇Spartan＇ and the two rabbiteye blueberry cultivars ＇Premier＇ and ＇Gardenblue＇. The grafting pattern showed no significant stimulating effect on the plant growth and development, fruit yield and quality of ＇Spartan＇ blueberry in this area, but the overall performance of greenwood cleft grafting was better than that of inlaid bud grafting. Suitable rootstock cultivar and grafting pattern significantly improve plant arowth and development, fruit vield and aualitv of ＇Spartan＇ blueberry.