球孢白僵菌的生物学特性及对小麦蚜虫的毒力

:3株球孢白僵菌 (Beauveriabassiana)Bb 0 2 ,Bb 0 3和Bb 0 7在不同温度 ,pH值和培养基上培养 ,结果表明 ,三者的最适生长温度在 2 5℃～ 30℃间 ;Bb 0 2和Bb 0 7在pH4.0～ 6 .0生长良好 ;适量的蛋白胨或酵母浸膏可促进菌株的生长 ,但对葡萄糖和麦芽糖的利用能力没有明显差异 ,三者在PPDA ,SDAY和SMAY上生长良好。生物测定表明 ,3菌株对小麦蚜虫均具有较强的毒力 ,但各菌株的最适剂量略有差异 ,其中Bb 0 2以 10 6mL-1较佳 ,Bb 0 3以 10 7mL-1最好 ,Bb0 7则介于 10 7mL-1～ 10

Study on the Biological Diversity of Nematode-trapping Fungi in Erhai Lake

[Objective]The research aimed to investigate the biological diversity of nematode-trapping fungi in the sediment of Erhai Lake.[Method]616 pieces of sediments were collected from Erhai Lake.The traditional classification and identification methods were used to isolate,purify and identify.[Result]3 genera and 22 species of nematode-trapping fungi were isolated.Arthrobotrys oligospora,A.musiformis and Dactylella leptospora were the dominant species,and their detection rates were 28.05%,16.04% and 8.92% respectively.By analyzing the diversity of nematode-trapping fungi in four seasons,it was found that the biological diversity was richer in summer,spring and autumn,and the diversity indexes were 2.59,2.47 and 2.34 respectively.The diversity index in winter was 1.48 and was lower.Species forming the adhesive nets were predominant;positive rate was 41.00%.[Conclusion]The rich nematode-trapping fungi resource existed in Erhai Lake,and its biological diversity had the seasonal variation characteristic.The nematode-trapping fungi which formed the viscous net were the dominant species in Erhai Lake.

Investigation of Biological Characteristics of Parasitic Fusarium Fungi from Tibetan Cordyceps sinensis

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics of parasitic Fusarium fungi from tibetan Cordyceps sinensis. [Method] A Fusarium strain was isolated from fresh tibetan Cordyceps sinensis as the experimental material, to observe the morphologies of Fusarium mycelium and spores. [Result] The isolated Fusarium fungus strain grew lushly on rice medium, with white and villiform myceliurn, and the villous stroma appeared in colors from beige to pink. After cultivated at （18 ± 4） ℃ for 14 d, the Fusarium strain produced milky white protrusions containing pale yellow chlamydospores, which can be divided into microconidiums and macroconidiums based on the different sizes. According to Ainsworth＇s classification system, the isolated strain belongs to Fusarium, Tuberculariales, Hyphomycetes, adelomycete subphylum. Further observation identified three types of macroconidium, and two of them showed distinct morphology, which was not described in Ainsworth＇s classification system. [Conclusion] The structure of the strain isolated from tibetan Cordyceps sinensis is significantly different from that of Fusariurn fungi recorded in relevant literatures, which requires further investigation.

探讨老年肺炎患者临床诊断中检验血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)、以及D-二聚体(D-D)水平的临床价值

目的探讨老年肺炎患者临床诊断中检验血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)、以及D-二聚体(D-D)水平的临床价值。方法随机选择该院2015年1月—2016年12月期间收治的50例老年肺炎病例为观察组研究对象,并以同期自愿参与研究的50名健康老年体检者为对照组研究对象,比较两组血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)、以及D-二聚体(D-D)水平。结果观察组老年患者血清CRP(103.2±23.4)mg/L、ESR(35.8±6.5)μg/L、D-D(1 152.4±43.1)mm/h水平均显著高于对照组(8.9±1.2)mg/L、(10.2±1.4)μg/L、(182.6±14.8)mm/h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。将观察组以80岁为临界值分组,80岁以上患者CRP(102.4±21.8)mg/L、ESR(34.8±5.8)μg/L、D-D(1 148.7±45.2)mm/h与80岁以下患者(103.8±22.1)mg/L、(35.4±6.2)μg/L、(1 142.3±43.9)mm/h,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论临床上可行血清C反应蛋白、血沉及D-二聚体检测来诊断老年肺炎的情况,为治疗和预后提供有效依据。

Effect of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Paceilomyces farinosus （Dicks ex fr.） on the Reproductive Potential of Melasoma populi L.

The effect of the Entomopathogenic fungus, Paceilomyces farinosus on reproductive potential of female survivors, egg viability and total egg production of poplar leaf beetle Melasoma populi L. was investigated in Plant Protection Department laboratories, School of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Duhok University in Spring 2011. Prepupae, pupae and newly emerged adults were treated with spore suspension of P.farinosus （1 ~ 10s conidia/mL）. Another group of adults were reared on sprayed poplar leaves with a same concentration of conidial suspension. Eggs production and hatching percentage were monitored daily over a 7-wk period. Overall reproductive capacity was significantly lower as compared with control. The total number of eggs per surviving female was 85.50, 149.50, 123.43 and 280.24 eggs for pre-pupa, pupa, adult and leaves treated, respectively as compared with 299.75 in control after fourth week. Pre-oviposition, ovipostion, post-oviposition days and the longevity of females and males were shorter in treated individuals compared with control. The lowest percentage hatching was 75.12% in eggs deposited by adults feed on treated leaves as compared with 98.42% in control.

Brief Introduction to a Unique Edible Bolete---Phlebopus portentosus in Southern China

Abstraet： Phlebopus portentosus （Berk. and Broome） Boedijn is a favored wild edible mushroom in the Xishuangbanna region, Yunnan, China and Northern Thailand. It belongs to Boletinellaceae family and is known as ＂black bolete＂. Its ecological habits and biotrophy are very complicated. It can be saprobic and successfully cultivated in mushroom house conditions. More often it grows closely with many plants, but is not mycorrhizal fungus. It forms a tripartite association with root mealy bugs and plants. The fungus produces special fungus-insect gall with the soil mealy bugs, which is a symbiotic association between these two creatures. The gall grows on plant roots with parasitic tendency. This paper is a compact report of the findings, including taxonomy, ecology, economic and cultivation of this mushroom.

Utilization of Fungi for the Biological Control of Insect Pests and Ganoderma Disease in the Indonesian Oil Palm Industry

Biological control is usually the first choice of control and prevention method for integrated pest management （IPM） strategies and has now been widely implemented by Indonesian oil palm plantations. Entomopathogenic fungus, i.e., Metarhizium anisopliae, Cordyceps militaris and Beauveria bassiana have been demonstrated to control renowned pests of oil palm. Metarhizium has been used to control Oryctes larvae and the mortality has ranged from 91.67% to 100% in laboratory and 7.4% to 88.75% in the field. Metarhizium has been applied in combination with a termite baiting system （TBS） to control termites in the field for preventive and curative action as well. In many oil palm plantations in Indonesia, Cordyceps has been used to reduce the field moth population ofSetothosea asigna. Application of Cordyceps within the oil palm circle was able to infect S. asigna pupae up to 80%. Meanwhile, Beauveria in an effervescent formulation was demonstrated to have better efficacy on Darna trima larvae. A significant finding on the biological control of basal stem rot disease （Ganoderma） was the isolation of Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp.. The efficacy was conducted with promising result and techniques on the application of Triehoderma have been developed, i.e., hole-in-hole system, surgery and a mounding method. However, as the roots developed, Trichoderma was no longer able to protect the palm from Ganoderma. In spite of that, the use of Trichoderma still prolonged the life ofoil palms by up to 2-3 years. Another fungi belonging to vesicular arbuscular mychorrhiza （VAM） has been developed to control Ganoderma. The efficacy in the nursery showed promising results and the Ganoderma incidence remained low compared to the untreated control. Large scale field trials are ongoing. Challenges on the implementation of biological control in oil palm plantations are because of application and availability of biopesticides/natural enemies. Therefore, advances in research on the formulation of biological control agents are still needed.

Ecological Sound Control Strategies for Population Suppression of Date Palm Borers Oryctes spp.

Cultural practices, hand collection of larvae, light traps and entomopathogenic fungi were investigated to manage of palm borers Oryctes spp. in date palm orchards during the years 2010-2015. Cultural practices, such as sanitation and pruning frond bases, hand collection of larvae during regular annual service work and light traps with solar energy were practiced annually in one orchard for five years. In the second orchard, cultural practices were applied for two years, light trap for one year only, and no hand collection of larvae was done during the period. The third orchard was used as a control treatment. Results showed reduction in population density of larvae （91.6% and 53.0%） and adult （76.1% and 41.1%） ofOryects spp. in the 1st and 2nd orchard, respectively The results also demonstrated the impact of moon light phases on the number of Oryctes spp. adults caught by light trap and the existence of an inverse relation between moon light and flight activity of adults. Biological experiments also revealed that entomopathogenic fungi can cause high mortality rate reaching 100% after 29 d. Beauveria bassiana scored higher mortality rate in short time, especially at concentration of 1 × 10^11 conidia/mL with LT50 = 12.75 and LT90 = 20; while, Metarhizium anisopliae caused the higher percentage of malformed adults. The results depicted the effectiveness of some integrated ecological sound control methods for monitoring and population suppression of Oryects spp. in date palm orchards.

Contribution to the Bio-ecological Study of Date Palm Entomofauna in the Region of Saoura （South Algeria）

Saoura region is situated in the south west of dactylifera）, where the authors note several oases such as： Algeria characterized by a height density of date palm trees （Phoenix Taghit, lgli, Beni Abbes... Despite this high density, the production of dates is still insufficient even for the local consumption, this is due to： Increasing salinity of water and soil in the old palm groves, the spread of many fungal diseases, where the most serious is the Bayoud （Fusaruim oxysporum）, and finally insect pests, three of them remain the most serious： white scale locally named Semm （Parlatoria blanehardi）, Boufaroua （Oligonyehus afrasiaticus）, and Doud called dates worm （Ectomyelois ceratoniae）. By using different trapping techniques, an entomofauna inventory was realized in the region of Saoura, where 3238 individuals are collected, distributed in 13 orders, 72 families and more than 132 species. The inventory will allow us to classify insects according to their economic importance, determine their life cycle and know their adaptation to date palm. The dynamics of these populations will be studied through the spatial-temporal repartitions. In parallel this study aims to identify the natural enemies （auxiliaries and parasitoids） of date palm pests in order to improve the biological control and this in hopes to ameliorate the production.

Arthrobotrys Oligospora N Mutation Breeding

In order to apply the nematode-trapping fungi biocontrol of animal parasitic nematode, prove that mutagenesis strain of the Arthrobotrys Oligospora N spores can be passed to experimental animal digestive tract. Ion beam injected into the spores of Arthrobotrys oligospora of nematode-trapping.Experimental animals are hurled Arthrobotrys Oligospora N spores, collect the feces of experimental animals, test fungal germination, growth, reproduction and predation livestock parasitic nematode larvae in laboratory. Mutant strains of Arthrobotrys Oligospora N can be through the digestive tract in experimental animals. Such biotechnology could be explored for improving the effectiveness of the use of funsal infections to control livestock parasitic nematodes.