浙江天童常绿阔叶林中11种常绿乔灌木叶片虫食状分析

为探讨昆虫对植物叶片的取食行为和伤害方式,作者选择浙江天童常绿阔叶林内的11种常绿乔灌木为对象,对叶片虫食状类型和格局进行分析。结果如下:(1)共发现16种虫食状类型,每种植物叶片虫食状类型数在10–13种之间,每种虫食状出现频率在0.5–28.7%之间。缘食状出现频率最高(28.7%),虫瘿和泡状出现频率最低(0.5%)。(2)叶片虫食状分布格局可分为3种类型,即一种虫食状占绝对优势的单优格局,如马银花(Rhododendronovatum)和檵木(Loropetalumchinense);两种虫食状(缘食状和顶食状)共占优势的双优格局,仅有木荷(Schimasu-perba);3种及3种以上虫食状占优势的多优格局(其余8种植物)。(3)叶片虫食状多样性指数变化在1.57–2.23之间,最高为苦槠(Castanopsissclerophylla),最低为马银花;乔木的多样性指数(2.040)高于灌木(1.882),优势种多样性指数高于伴生种,但差异均不显著;多样性指数反映了虫食状类型和出现频率的综合差异。(4)16种虫食状类型中有8对显著正相关,4对显著负相关,可能反映出不同类型昆虫取食植物的趋同和差异。

福建梅花山17种常绿阔叶植物叶片虫食状况

从福建梅花山自然保护区海拔450m和1 200m的常绿阔叶林中选取17种常绿乔、灌木,对其叶片虫食状和取食强度进行分析,结果如下:(1)17种植物叶片共有15种虫食状类型,每种叶片虫食状类型为8～14;虫食状出现频率0.02%～37.01%,其中缘食状出现频率最高(37.01%),叶中脉食状出现频率最低(0.02%)。(2)木荷(Schima superba)的取食强度最大(9.60%),栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)次之(6.61%),油茶(Camellia Oleifera)最小(0.34%)。(3)15种虫食状类型中有6对虫食状呈显著正相关,2对呈显著负相关。(4)海拔1 200m处的甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷、栲树和连蕊茶(Camellia fraterna)比海拔450m处的同种植物叶片的虫食强度高,其中木荷差异最大,从13.81%降至2.93%。

两种不同种植方式对龙葵叶片虫食状的影响研究

昆虫与植被之间相互关系的深入研究,有助于更好的理解生态系统结构与功能之间的关系以及生态系统生物多样性维持机理。本文通过对集中种植和分块种植下两种不同种植方式龙葵叶片虫食状进行调查分析,以期对龙葵的栽培和养护提供理论基础和技术建议。研究结果表明:龙葵叶片中共识别出11种虫食状类型,其中,集中种植方式有10种,分块种植方式有11种,各种虫食状类型出现频率在0.4%-24.7%;集中种植样地的龙葵叶片虫食状种类数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数均低于分块种植;分块种植的龙葵叶片受到植食性昆虫的伤害频率较高,但是集中种植的龙葵叶片受到的伤害程度却明显高于分块种植方式。因此,种植龙葵应尽量避免大规模集中种植方式,不同生态系统边界之间边缘效应的尺度和强弱的关系是未来研究的重点和核心问题。

西安地区白三叶草叶片虫食状类型与取食强度研究

[目的]探讨植食性昆虫对草坪的危害。[方法]以陕西师范大学雁塔校区内的白三叶草草坪为例,随机选取3个有代表性的1 m×1 m样方,对10 118片成熟白三叶草叶片的虫食状类型和取食强度进行了分析。[结果]西安市白三叶草叶片虫食状多样,共鉴定出16种虫食状,其出现频度以及取食强度有很大不同;阴面食状在30%以上,阳面食状、缘食状、泡状、小孔状、掏食状的频度在5%～20%;其余10种虫食状类型频度均在5%以下。对叶片的危害程度取决于取食面积和频度,阴面食状和阳面食状2种类型的取食面积大、取食频度高,对白三叶草草坪的危害程度大;缘食状和顶食状尽管取食频度一般,但取食面积大,对白三叶草的危害程度也较大。16种虫食状中,泡状和连续小孔状、顶食状和线状、潜叶状和切叶状呈极显著负相关,掏食状和褶皱状、连续小孔状和细长条状、大孔状和叶中脉呈显著正相关,阴面食状和大孔状、泡状和细长条状呈显著负相关,其他虫食状间均无显著相关性,反映出不同昆虫取食的差异及其生态位关系。西安地区白三叶草叶片的昆虫取食频率为15.57%,受害程度较低,这可能与季节有关。[结论]为探讨植食性昆虫取食行为与植物协同进化的关系奠定了基础。

白三叶草对称虫食状特点及形成原因探究

通过对白三叶草坪的观察,发现了白三叶草叶片对称虫食状的现象,经过对西安部分高校校内白三叶草对称虫食状的统计分析,以及对白三叶草展叶期叶片形态发育的研究,定义白三叶草叶片对称虫食状是一种在白三叶草某一复叶上出现的,形状一样、面积相差5%以内,以小叶片主脉为轴对称或以复叶小叶柄基部为原点中心对称的虫食状。白三叶草对称虫食状具有对称性、复合性、随机性、聚集性等特点。对称虫食状在冬季和春季出现频率分别为8.66%和0.52%。最后探究出白三叶草对称虫食状是由害虫在白三叶草展叶期同时取食了未展开的、细胞已停止分化的小叶造成的。

Studies on Feeding Habits and Parasitological Status of Red Fox, Golden Jackal, Wild Cat and Stone Marten in Sredna Gora, Bulgaria

In order to define the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of parasitoses with veterinary and medical importance their parasitological status and feeding habits were studied. In the period 2001-2006 the feeding habits of 167 foxes, 78 jackals, 40 wild cats and 23 stone martens from the area of Sredna Gora, Bulgaria were investigated. 113 of the foxes, 56 of the jackals, 22 of the wild cats and 21 of the martens were subjected to helminthological study. 147 wild boars and 26 badgers from the same area were subjected to trichinelloscopy. Rodents were the main food of the wild cats （82.7%）, martens （52%） and foxes （50%）. The main food of the jackals was carrion from domestic and wild animals （79.5%）. 95.5% of the foxes, 100% of the jackals, 95.5% of the wild cats and 89% of the stone martens were infected with one or more helminth species. The prevalence of the most important helminths： Trichinella spp., Taenia spp. and Ancylostoma spp. was high in all carnivores examined. In the infected with Trichinella spp. animals only T. britovi was demonstrated. The wild boars and badgers were not infected with Trichinella spp. The correlation between the feeding habits and parasitological status is discussed.

Feeding Group Zonation of Ephemeroptera （Insecta） at Plalar-Gremeng River, Gunung Sewu Karst Ecosystem, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia

The objectives of this research were to record the changes in composition of the community of ephemeroptera in Plalar-Gremeng river, examine the causes of these changes and discover their significance in the life of the rivers. The ephemeropteran community and abundance of the feeding group （detritivore, gatherer and scrapper） were compared with the nutrient and water quality of each sampling site. It is established that, under site conditions, nutrient status can be regarded as the chief internal factors. The method was field survey for sampling the substrate at five sites： （I） Up-stream of Plalar river; （2） The site before the Plalar cave; （3） The total dark zone of Plalar-Gremeng caves; （4） The site after Gremeng cave and （5） The down-stream of Gremeng to Beton river. Substrate sampling used Surber benthic sampler and the sample was containing and labeling. Environmental parameters were measured water temperature, carbon dioxide, velocity, pH, C-organic, sediment total-phosphorus and nitrogen and Ca content. The data was analyzed by description. The results showed that the abundance of ephemeroptera was highest at site-4 and the lowest at site-3. Ephemeropthera play a highly important role in preserving nutrient status.