In the recent years The Mediterranean Fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in central Iraq during 2009 and...In the recent years The Mediterranean Fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in central Iraq during 2009 and 2010 and made field survey of the insect in four types of orchards （Citrus, Apricot, Figs ＆ Citrus and A mixture of fruit trees） and used for this purpose Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and dimethyl dichloroviny phosphate （DDVP）. The present preliminary study has shown that the Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata has a year round presence in fruit orchards in central Iraq and reached its highest ntunerical density of the pest in citrus orchards during of November and December were 345 and 363 insect/trap per month in citrus orchards and the least numerical density during of January and February while the highest numerical density of the insect in orchards of Apricot in March 2010, Figs ＆ Citrus in August 2009 and a Mixture of fruit trees in November 2009 were 45, 116, 311 insect/trap per month respectively. The population density of the pest was highest is started 2010 compared with 2009, but the high temperature degree （46-51℃） in August 2010 caused decreasing the population density of this pest. C. capitata caused highly economic losses in citrus reached 68% and 71% of the Mandarin and Kaki fruits respectively Currently in Iraq to fight no control method to reduce the economic losses caused by this pest except the use of pesticides GF-120.展开更多
The aim of the study was to determine the harmfulness of leaf miners and their species composition on winter wheat for the improvement of methods to control them. In order to determine the dates of the treatments, it ...The aim of the study was to determine the harmfulness of leaf miners and their species composition on winter wheat for the improvement of methods to control them. In order to determine the dates of the treatments, it was necessary to catch adult flies. The researchers used yellow 25 x 40 cm sticky traps placed on three control plots to catch the adults. Monitoring of cereal leaf miners flights in winter wheat was carried out in Babor6wko （greater Poland voivodeship）. Yellow traps were placed above the tops of wheat during vegetation period. The number of damaged wheat stems was recorded. Fluctuations in weather conditions during the research affected the dynamics of leaf miner flies considerably. The maximum flights of leaf miner flies on winter wheat crops in years of the studies took place in May. The dynamics of leaf miners flights were different in growing season 2008 and 2009. The most common species were： Chromatomyia nigra （Ztt.）, Chromatomyia fuscula （Ztt.） and Poemyza superciliosa （Ztt.）. It was also discovered that the species composition of Agromyzidae damaging the winter wheat, changes in particular years. The results differ from the results of the previous research, which the dominant species were Phytomyza nigra （Mg.） and Agromyza ambiqua （FII.）.展开更多
Fruit flies are causing extensive socio-economic losses in citrus orchards in Ghana. The flies as quarantine pests have detrimental effects on the export market due to international trade regulations. Oecophylla speci...Fruit flies are causing extensive socio-economic losses in citrus orchards in Ghana. The flies as quarantine pests have detrimental effects on the export market due to international trade regulations. Oecophylla species have been tested as biological control agents on other crops, and have shown great potential in reducing the effects of pests. The effectiveness of Oecophylla as a biocontrol agent of fruit flies was compared with insecticide, Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate （Cydim super~） at Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre, Kade, in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The results have shown that trees colonized by Oecophylla had between 6%-10% fly infestation and Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate （1614 mg a.i. mL~ tree＂1） recorded 3.0% infestation. Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate treatment recorded 3.50 ~ 0.87 dropped fruits, and Oecophylla colonized-trees recorded 15 to 19.20 -4- 3.61. Oecophylla colonized-trees recorded yield values from 12.90 to 15.20 tons ha-~ whilst Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate treatment recorded 27.90 tons hat fruit yield. Total number of fly landings in the presence of Oecophylla （72.00） was significantly lower than the absence of Oecophylla （114.20）. Set-up with no Oecophylla recorded the highest infestation index （71.17） while the presence recorded 45.83. These results suggest that Oecophylla longinoda can be used as a biocontrol agent for IPM programs in citrus orchards.展开更多
Utilization of fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants, is a sustainable use of waste for power generation.Discarding fly ash as waste in landfills/ash ponds may not only be regarded as a loss ...Utilization of fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants, is a sustainable use of waste for power generation.Discarding fly ash as waste in landfills/ash ponds may not only be regarded as a loss of valuable land and essential nutrients, but also pose a significant health hazard due to fine air-borne particles and leaching of heavy metals. The presence of essential macro-and micronutrients and its porosity make fly ash an excellent soil amendment for plant growth as an organic nitrogen(N) and carbon(C)supplementation. As harmful heavy metals make fly ash unsafe for agronomy, bioenergy crop plantation and energy generation from different thermochemical conversions of the biomass would be an ideal method for coal fly ash utilization through which carbon-neutral fuel can be generated from fossil fuel, thus reducing climate change impact. This review summarizes the development of bioenergy plantation and silviculture at fly ash dumpsites with an integrated phyto-bio-rhizo-mycoremediation approach and assesses utilization of the valuable biomass for thermal energy, electricity, and biofuel generation with inclusion of a SWOT analysis(a strategic technique typically used to help identify the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat). Bioenergy crop production through integrated phytomanagement can generate billions of dollars of wealth from waste and provides a sustainable solution for fly ash management,with environmental, economic, and social benefits.展开更多
文摘In the recent years The Mediterranean Fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in central Iraq during 2009 and 2010 and made field survey of the insect in four types of orchards （Citrus, Apricot, Figs ＆ Citrus and A mixture of fruit trees） and used for this purpose Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and dimethyl dichloroviny phosphate （DDVP）. The present preliminary study has shown that the Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata has a year round presence in fruit orchards in central Iraq and reached its highest ntunerical density of the pest in citrus orchards during of November and December were 345 and 363 insect/trap per month in citrus orchards and the least numerical density during of January and February while the highest numerical density of the insect in orchards of Apricot in March 2010, Figs ＆ Citrus in August 2009 and a Mixture of fruit trees in November 2009 were 45, 116, 311 insect/trap per month respectively. The population density of the pest was highest is started 2010 compared with 2009, but the high temperature degree （46-51℃） in August 2010 caused decreasing the population density of this pest. C. capitata caused highly economic losses in citrus reached 68% and 71% of the Mandarin and Kaki fruits respectively Currently in Iraq to fight no control method to reduce the economic losses caused by this pest except the use of pesticides GF-120.
文摘The aim of the study was to determine the harmfulness of leaf miners and their species composition on winter wheat for the improvement of methods to control them. In order to determine the dates of the treatments, it was necessary to catch adult flies. The researchers used yellow 25 x 40 cm sticky traps placed on three control plots to catch the adults. Monitoring of cereal leaf miners flights in winter wheat was carried out in Babor6wko （greater Poland voivodeship）. Yellow traps were placed above the tops of wheat during vegetation period. The number of damaged wheat stems was recorded. Fluctuations in weather conditions during the research affected the dynamics of leaf miner flies considerably. The maximum flights of leaf miner flies on winter wheat crops in years of the studies took place in May. The dynamics of leaf miners flights were different in growing season 2008 and 2009. The most common species were： Chromatomyia nigra （Ztt.）, Chromatomyia fuscula （Ztt.） and Poemyza superciliosa （Ztt.）. It was also discovered that the species composition of Agromyzidae damaging the winter wheat, changes in particular years. The results differ from the results of the previous research, which the dominant species were Phytomyza nigra （Mg.） and Agromyza ambiqua （FII.）.
文摘Fruit flies are causing extensive socio-economic losses in citrus orchards in Ghana. The flies as quarantine pests have detrimental effects on the export market due to international trade regulations. Oecophylla species have been tested as biological control agents on other crops, and have shown great potential in reducing the effects of pests. The effectiveness of Oecophylla as a biocontrol agent of fruit flies was compared with insecticide, Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate （Cydim super~） at Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre, Kade, in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The results have shown that trees colonized by Oecophylla had between 6%-10% fly infestation and Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate （1614 mg a.i. mL~ tree＂1） recorded 3.0% infestation. Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate treatment recorded 3.50 ~ 0.87 dropped fruits, and Oecophylla colonized-trees recorded 15 to 19.20 -4- 3.61. Oecophylla colonized-trees recorded yield values from 12.90 to 15.20 tons ha-~ whilst Cypermethrin ＋ Dimethoate treatment recorded 27.90 tons hat fruit yield. Total number of fly landings in the presence of Oecophylla （72.00） was significantly lower than the absence of Oecophylla （114.20）. Set-up with no Oecophylla recorded the highest infestation index （71.17） while the presence recorded 45.83. These results suggest that Oecophylla longinoda can be used as a biocontrol agent for IPM programs in citrus orchards.
文摘Utilization of fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants, is a sustainable use of waste for power generation.Discarding fly ash as waste in landfills/ash ponds may not only be regarded as a loss of valuable land and essential nutrients, but also pose a significant health hazard due to fine air-borne particles and leaching of heavy metals. The presence of essential macro-and micronutrients and its porosity make fly ash an excellent soil amendment for plant growth as an organic nitrogen(N) and carbon(C)supplementation. As harmful heavy metals make fly ash unsafe for agronomy, bioenergy crop plantation and energy generation from different thermochemical conversions of the biomass would be an ideal method for coal fly ash utilization through which carbon-neutral fuel can be generated from fossil fuel, thus reducing climate change impact. This review summarizes the development of bioenergy plantation and silviculture at fly ash dumpsites with an integrated phyto-bio-rhizo-mycoremediation approach and assesses utilization of the valuable biomass for thermal energy, electricity, and biofuel generation with inclusion of a SWOT analysis(a strategic technique typically used to help identify the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat). Bioenergy crop production through integrated phytomanagement can generate billions of dollars of wealth from waste and provides a sustainable solution for fly ash management,with environmental, economic, and social benefits.
