中国传统血料灰浆的应用历史和科学性

血料灰浆是中国古代建筑灰浆的重要代表作之一,体现出浓郁的中国传统工艺特色,反映了当时建筑技术的科技水平。本研究从血料灰浆的科技史入手,综述了传统血料灰浆的应用历史和制备方法,包括在油饰彩画地仗层、油漆地仗层、漆器和桥梁建筑等方面;结合各种现代科技文献评述了古代建筑灰浆中动物血蛋白的检测方法,包括各种物理化学方法和免疫法;阐述了灰浆中动物血的功能,如加气作用、减水作用、防水作用、平整和抗龟裂作用等,探讨了血料灰浆的作用机理。此外,还简述了血料、蛋清、糯米、红糖、桐油等有机添加剂的复配问题。本研究的总体目标是希望以此为基础,进一步加深对血料灰浆科学性和局限性的认识,并通过对血料灰浆的研究和传统工艺的科学化改进,更好地为当今古建筑修缮保护服务。

中国古建彩画中血料氨基酸组成的线性判别分析及其应用研究

血料是古代建筑彩画中常用的地仗胶料。为了准确分析出古建彩画中残留的胶料种类,该文使用气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析了血料参考样品的氨基酸组成,并与其他常用胶料进行比较,发现血料中不含羟脯氨酸,且呈现谷氨酸/丙氨酸的比值较低,丝氨酸/脯氨酸的比值较高的特点。使用线性判别分析(LDA)拟合并验证了可用于彩画胶料种类判别的稳定函数。将该函数应用在两件颐和园仁寿殿上架彩画样品胶料的分析中,发现文物样品胶料的氨基酸组成兼具血料和皮胶的特征。得出了使用该模型可以实现血料的成功判别,以及颐和园彩画样品的颜料层胶料为皮胶且流失严重,其中血料是因下层地仗胶料的混入导致的结论。

对以瘤胃内容物作主要载体的发酵血料的研制

随着我国畜牧业的发展,饲料加工业也有了很大发展,但对饲料资源的开发利用,很大程度上挖掘的还不够,尤其是动物性蛋白质饲料供不应求,是我国亟待解决的一个问题。 血粉是一种高蛋白、多氨基酸的优质蛋白饲料,经过各种工艺可加工成不同产品。发酵血粉是利用载体微生物法生产的。

桂林龙胜红色系“贵妃料”鸡血玉的矿物学特征及其颜色成因

桂林“龙胜鸡血玉”为一种新兴的石英质玉石,商业上称玉化程度好的品种为“贵妃料”鸡血玉。本文以不同红色系(呈现不同色调的粉色、粉紫、红色)“贵妃料”鸡血玉为研究对象,采用常规宝石学仪器、偏光显微镜、电子探针、X射线荧光光谱仪、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪及紫外-可见光谱现代测试技术,对其矿物学特征及其颜色成因进行研究。结果表明“贵妃料”鸡血玉主要由粒度大约为60μm石英颗粒组成,占总含量约86%以上。放大观察下粉色和红色“贵妃料”含有可致色的赤铁矿、针铁矿以及无定形水合氧化铁。粉色“贵妃料”中赤铁矿仅以粉尘状形式存在,其含量小于0.5%;红色“贵妃料”样品中赤铁矿以粉尘状、鳞片状、浸染状形式存在,含量约为0.5%~1%,随含量的增加鸡血玉的颜色越红。此外,紫外-可见光吸收光谱的分析结果进一步表明,粉色“贵妃料”还受到Mn离子的影响,碳酸盐为Mn离子主要赋存矿物;粉紫色鸡血玉中几乎不含致色矿物,推测与杂质元素Fe^(3+)引起的空穴色心[FeO_(4)]^(4-)有关。

学会利用身边的饲料

秸秆壳料。玉米、油菜、向日葵、水稻、豆科作物的秸秆和籽壳,风干粉碎成粉,是很好的饲料,并可部分代替精饲料。一般日粮中猪可以加入25%-30%,家禽加入85。(1)树叶。有不少树叶料,如紫穗槐叶、松叶、桑叶、梨树叶、榆树叶等可作畜禽的好饲料。如松针粉其营养价值与紫花苜蓿相似。

两种新型调味料制造方法

本文介绍日本93年专利发表的两种新型调味料制造方法。一、利用家畜血制复合调味粉动物血液中含有约17%蛋白质,日本开发利用畜血中蛋白质分解、中和、脱臭、脱色、干燥得到畜血调味粉再加呈味等物质制成复合调味品。

Effects of Milk Replacer on the Performance and Blood Biochemical Indices in Lambs

[Objective] In this study, the performance and blood biochemical indices in lamps fed on milk replacer were researched, the feasibility of early weaned in lamps was discussed. [Method] 37 of 10 days lambs of Suffolk（♂） x XiaoWeiHanYang（ ♀ ） were randomly divided into group A, B, C, D for this experiment. Group A, B, C were fed by 3 milk-replacers containing milk for different protein source respectively, and ten Iambs in each group; group D （seven lambs） were fed by ewes as the control. The performance and blood biochemical indices of the lamps were determined. [ Result] The results showed that the average daily gains of 10 - 15 days of age was not significantly different between group A and D （ P 〉 O. 05 ）, the control were higher significandy than the group B,C （P 〈0.05）. The average daily gains of 16 -25, 26 -35 days of age were not significantly different in group A, B, C, D. The daily weight gains of Group A, B, C in 45 - 55 days of age were higher significantly than the control （P〈0.05 ）. Plasma urea nitrogen （PUN） of group B and C were higher than group A significantly （P〈0.05 ） ;Total protein （ TP）, Plasma albumin （ALB） and Plasma total amino acid were no significant difference among the other 3 groups （P〉0.05 ）. [Conclusion] So, the milk-replacers were available for early-weaned lamb.

EFFECT OF INHALED NANO-TiO_2 ON LUNG AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES OF MICE

The effect of inhaled nano-TiO2 on lung histology and serum biochemical indexes is evaluated in healthy and adult Kunming mice（eight in each group）after exposure to TiO2 aerosols（1 500 mg/m3）in a sealed chamber.Another eight mice are exposed to indoor air to be served as a control group.Lung tissue and blood are collected after euthanizing the animals.The results show that lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）activity increases in all experimental groups.Alanine aminotransferase（ALT）activity and blood urea nitrogen（BUN）levels are increased in the group exposed to TiO2 aerosols for 28 d,and creatinine（Cr）levels are increased in 14 d and 28 d samples（P0.05）.No obvious changes are observed in other serum indexes.Lungs of mice exposed to 28 d exposure show significant but moderate increase in pulmonary inflammation,and many TiO2 particles are found in the interstitium of pulmonary alveoli.

Effects of Different Padding on Air Quality in Broiler House and Growth Physiological Index of Broilers

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different padding on ammonia concentration in broiler house and growth performance and blood indi- cators of broilers. [Method] A total of 480 one-day-old 817 broilers were selected. They were randomly divided into four groups with different paddings, and each group was in triplicate. The weights of broilers and feed were weighed weekly. The growth performance of broilers was determined. On day 30, the ammonia concentra- tions in broiler houses were determined. On day 35, 6 broilers were randomly se- lected from each group, and their vein blood was sampled. In the sampled vein blood, the concentrations of ammonia, glucose, globulin, serum total protein and urea nitrogen were determined. [Result] There were significant differences in ammo- nia concentration among broiler houses laid with different paddings （P〈0.05）. The ammonia concentration in group 1 was significantly lower than those in group 3 and group 4 （P〈0.05）. No significant difference was found in ammonia concentrations in broiler houses between group 2 and group 3 （P〉0.05）. The ammonia concentration in group 4 was significantly higher than those in group1, group 2 and group 3 （,0〈 0.05）. There were also significant differences in blood indicators among different groups （P〈0.05）. The blood ammonia, blood glucose and serum urea nitrogen con- centrations in group 1 were significantly lower than those in other groups （P〈0.05）, the serum total protein concentration was significantly higher than those in group 3 and group 4 （P〈0.05）, and the serum globulin concentration was significantly higher than those in group 2, group 3 and group 4 （P〈0.05）. Significant differences were observed in feed intake, body weight gain and slaughter weight between different groups （P〈0.05）, but there were no significant differences in feed to grain ratio （P〉 0.05）. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, the padding of Chinese medicine residue showed better effect on reducing ammonia concentration in broiler house, which was conducive to play of production potential of broilers.

Study on Polymorphisms in the Blood Protein of Tibetan Mastiff

[ Objective] The aim was to study the protein polymorphism in the blood of Tibetan Mastiff, and provide some theoretical basis for resource protection and reasonable development and utilization of Tibetan Mastiff varieties. [ Method] A total of 103 blood samples were taken from four populations of Hequ Tibetan Mastiff, Qinhai Tibetan Mastiff, Tibetan Spaniel and native dogs of Qinghai. Seven blood protein Iocus（Tf, Po, Sα2, Hb, AIb, Pr and Amy）were investigated by using vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system. Then the genetic variation during different populations was analyzed. [ Result] Genetic variations were observed in Tf, Sα2 and Po in four populations, others were not polymorphic. There were three alleles at the locus of Tf and Po, two alleles at the loci of Sα2. Effective number of alleles and Nei＇s average expected heterozygosity were 1. 532 4 and 0.230 3 relatively, all higher in Tibetan Mastiff than other populations. [ Conclusion] Protein locus in blood of Tibetan Mastiff existed in genetic variation.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Three Guizhou Local Pig Breeds Using Microsatellite DNA Markers

[Objective] The research aimed to provide the genetic basis for the protection, development and utilization of Guizhou local pig breeds. [Method] From 27 pairs of porcine microsatellite primers recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations （FAO） and international Society for Animal Genetics （ISAG）, six pairs （S0155, SW240, IGF1, SW951, SW857, SW24） were selected for microsatellite DNA detection of three Guizhou local pig breeds, including Nuogu Pig, Kele Pig and Guanling Pig. Subsequently, their genetic diversities were analyzed. [ Result] The three pig breeds were high polymorphic at the six microsatellite loci （PIC 〉0.5）. The Nei＇s standard genetic distance of them was 0.206 3 -0.481 5. The genetic distance between Nuogu Pig and Kele Pig Was the closest, and that between Nuogu Pig and Guanling Pig was the furthest. [ Conclusion] The three Guizhou local pig breeds are in high genetic diversities. Nuogu Pig is a special type of Kele Pig, an excellent Chinese local pig breed.

Mechanism of anti-arterial thrombosis of Dahuangzhecong Fang screened by Ti-Al intermetallic compound porous material

The mechanism of antithrombotic of Dahuangzhechong Fang separated and purified by Ti-Al intermetallic compound porous material (TAICPM) was researched. Dahuangzhechong Fang, which was isolated and screened by TAICPM, was used to oral rats. At the end of study, their blood and thrombus were collected. The results show that TAICPM with the pore size of 1-5 μm can screen Dahuangzhechong Fang well. Dahuangzhechong Fang can increase 6-keto-PGF1α, lower content of TXD2 and platelet. Dahuangzhechong Fang has good effect to resist arterial thrombosis.

Mechanical properties and plasma erosion resistance of BN_p/Al_2O_3-SiO_2 composite ceramics

BNp/Al2O3-SiO2 system ceramic matrix composites with different volume fractions （10%-60%） of hexagonal BN particulates （BNp） were prepared by hot-press sintering technique. Phase components, microstructure, mechanical properties and plasma erosion resistance were also investigated. With the increase of h-BNp content, relative density and Vickers＇ hardness of the composite ceramics decrease, while the flexural strength, elastic modulus and fracture toughness increase and then decrease. The plasma erosion resistance linearly deteriorated with the increase of BNp content which is mainly determined by the density, crystal structure and atomic number of the elements.

Getting the right stuff: controlling neural stem cell state and fate in vivo and in vitro with biomaterials

Stem cell therapy holds great promises in medical treatment by, e.g., replacing lost cells, re-constitute healthy cell populations and also in the use of stem cells as vehicles for factor and gene delivery. Embryonic stem cells have rightfully attracted a large interest due to their proven capacity of differentiating into any cell type in the embryo in vivo. Tissue-specific stem ceils are however already in use in medical practice, and recently the first systematic medical trials involving human neural stem cell （NSC） therapy have been launched. There are yet many obstacles to overcome and procedures to improve. To ensure progress in the medical use of stem cells increased basic knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that govern stem cell characteristics is necessary. Here we provide a review of the literature on NSCs in various aspects of cell therapy, with the main focus on the potential of using biomaterials to control NSC characteristics, differentiation, and delivery. We summarize results from studies on the characteristics of endogenous and transplanted NSCs in rodent models of neurological and cancer diseases, and highlight recent advancements in polymer compatibility and applicability in regulating NSC state and fate. We suggest that the development of specially designed polymers, such as hydrogels, is a crucial issue to improve the outcome of stem cell therapy in the central nervous system.

Application of Biomaterials in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death throughout the world. The demand for new thera- peutic interventions is increasing. Although pharmacological and surgical interventions dramatically improve the quality of life of cardiovascular disease patients, cheaper and less invasive approaches are always preferable. Biomaterials, both natural and synthetic, exhibit great potential in cardiac repair and regeneration, either as a carrier for drug delivery or as an extracellular matrix substitute scaffold. In this review, we discuss the current treatment options for several cardiovascular diseases, as well as types of biomaterials that have been investigated as potential therapeutic interventions for said diseases. We especially highlight investigations into the possible use of conductive polymers for correcting ischemic heart disease-induced conduction abnormalities, and the generation of biological pacemakers to im- orove the conduction oathwav in heart block.

Late-onset severe biliary bleeding after endoscopic pigtail plastic stent insertion

Here, we report our experience with a case of severe biliary bleeding due to a hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm that had developed 1 year after endoscopic biliary plastic stent insertion. The patient, a 78-year-old woman, presented with hematemesis and obstructive jaundice. Ruptured hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed, which was suspected to have been caused by long-term placement of an endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage(ERBD) stent. This episode of biliary bleeding was successfully treated by transarterial embolization(TAE). Pseudoaneurysm leading to hemobilia is a rare but potentially fatal complication in patients with long-term placement of ERBD. TAE is a minimally invasive procedure that offers effective treatment for biliary bleeding.

Development of a miniature silicon wafer fuel cell using L-ascorbic acid as fuel

In the current studies a miniature silicon wafer fuel cell(FC) using L-ascorbic acid as fuel was developed. The cell employs L-ascorbic acid and air as reactants and a thin polymer electrolyte as a separator. Inductively coupled plasma(ICP) silicon etching was employed to fabricate high aspect-ratio columns on the silicon substrate to increase the surface area. A thin platinum layer deposited directly on the silicon surface by the sputtering was used as the catalyst layer for L-ascorbic acid electro-oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the oxidation of L-ascorbic acid on the sputtered platinum layer is irreversible and that the onset potentials for the oxidation of L-ascorbic acid are from 0.27 V to 0.35 V versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. It is found that at the room temperature,with 1 mol/L L-ascorbic acid/PBS(phosphate buffered solution) solution pumped to the anode at 1 ml/min flow rate and air spontaneously diffusing to the cathode as the oxidant,the maximum output power density of the cell was 1.95 mW/cm2 at a current density of 10 mA/cm2.

The distribution of 10-year cardiovascular risk in Chinese adults： analysis of the China Health Examination Database （CHED） 2008

Objective Global cardiovascular risk assessment has been incorporated into current Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The aim of our study is to determine the distribution of 10-year risk for ischemic cardiovascular disease （ICVD） among middle-aged Chinese adults, and to evaluate the usefulness of global risk assessment tools in the primary prevention of ICVD in Chinese population.Methods Simplified prediction tools derived from the USA-PRC Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Epidemiology cohort were applied to the Chinese Health Examination Database （CHED） 2008. 10-year risk for ICVD was estimated in 461 157 ICVD-free subjects （264 432 male and 196 725 female） aged 35 to 59 years. Results Among the male subjects, 82.4% had a 10-year risk for ICVD of 〈5%, 14.4% of 5% to 12.1% and 3.4 of≥ 12.2%, and in female subjects, 86.7% had a 10-year risk for ICVD of 〈5%, 12.1% of 5% to 12.0% and 1.2% of ≥ 12.1%. All subjects with predicted high level ICVD risk （≥ 12.2% in male or ≥ 12.1% in female） had either remarkably elevated （≥ 160 mmHg） blood pressure, significantly increased （≥ 6.22 mml/L） total serum cholesterol or diabetes.Conclusion Using the currently recommended prediction tools, only very small proportions of middle-aged Chinese men and women who were free of ICVD would be classified into high level risk group. These prediction tools are unlikely to help for the medical intervention decision making in Chinese adult patients with hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia