As a political leader, US President Trump's personality traits affect his policy orientations and current US foreign policy. The authors analyze Trump's personality in several categories—uninhibited and capri...As a political leader, US President Trump's personality traits affect his policy orientations and current US foreign policy. The authors analyze Trump's personality in several categories—uninhibited and capricious, dynamic and capable, profit-orientated and self-centered,competitive and persistent, positive and extraverted. The traits of breaking traditions, skill at strategic deception and negotiation, action-motivated implementation, intuitive decision-making, pursuit of respect and interest exchange, and vengefulness will shape his policy and behavioral orientations. Initial study shows Trump to be a political leader with positive personality traits and double-sided dimensions. The analysis offers insight toward understanding the new US executive and his policy direction.展开更多
In this paper, evacuation experiments are carried out to study pedestrian movement behaviors in building bottleneck. An image processing method based on mean-shift algorithm is used to extract pedestrian movement traj...In this paper, evacuation experiments are carried out to study pedestrian movement behaviors in building bottleneck. An image processing method based on mean-shift algorithm is used to extract pedestrian movement trajectory. Based on the extracted trajectory, we analyze the microscopic movement characteristics of pedestrians such as lane formation, change of velocity and distance between two sequential pedestrians. A pedestrian lane is a group of pedestrians moving in a column. The lane formation is verified by the pedestrian trajectory and distribution of pedestrian’s lateral positions (x direction in the paper): lane number changes from one to two, three or even more with the increasing bottleneck width when pedestrians pass through the bottleneck. By analyzing the pedestrian movement behaviors in the same pedestrian lane, we find three typical movement modes in the bottleneck: time-lag acceleration, synchronous acceleration, and avoiding deceleration. Through analyzing the time intervals when successive pedestrians pass through the bottleneck, we find that most pedestrians adjust their velocities according to the distance to the forward pedestrians. Results also indicate that due to different cultures, pedestrians flux in China and Germany may have some differences besides their similarities.展开更多
Physiological and functional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism performance capacities, are subject to a variety of both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These...Physiological and functional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism performance capacities, are subject to a variety of both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show considerable interspeciflc variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and functional diversity, but the form and intensity of selection on physiological and functional traits can also vary intraspecifically. The same suites of traits can experience quite different se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conflicts have potentially important consequences for the evolutionary trajectories of traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecific conflicts which could displace traits from their selective op- tima in certain classes of individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection for mechanisms to compensate for devia- tion from those optima. Such conflicts include interlocus sexual conflict, intralocus sexual conflict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conflict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence for, and implications of, such conflicts for physiological and functional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging from behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conflicts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might affect the evolution of behavior and physiological and functional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and function should consider such conflicts.展开更多
文摘As a political leader, US President Trump's personality traits affect his policy orientations and current US foreign policy. The authors analyze Trump's personality in several categories—uninhibited and capricious, dynamic and capable, profit-orientated and self-centered,competitive and persistent, positive and extraverted. The traits of breaking traditions, skill at strategic deception and negotiation, action-motivated implementation, intuitive decision-making, pursuit of respect and interest exchange, and vengefulness will shape his policy and behavioral orientations. Initial study shows Trump to be a political leader with positive personality traits and double-sided dimensions. The analysis offers insight toward understanding the new US executive and his policy direction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91024025)the NCET Project (Grant No. 08-0518)
文摘In this paper, evacuation experiments are carried out to study pedestrian movement behaviors in building bottleneck. An image processing method based on mean-shift algorithm is used to extract pedestrian movement trajectory. Based on the extracted trajectory, we analyze the microscopic movement characteristics of pedestrians such as lane formation, change of velocity and distance between two sequential pedestrians. A pedestrian lane is a group of pedestrians moving in a column. The lane formation is verified by the pedestrian trajectory and distribution of pedestrian’s lateral positions (x direction in the paper): lane number changes from one to two, three or even more with the increasing bottleneck width when pedestrians pass through the bottleneck. By analyzing the pedestrian movement behaviors in the same pedestrian lane, we find three typical movement modes in the bottleneck: time-lag acceleration, synchronous acceleration, and avoiding deceleration. Through analyzing the time intervals when successive pedestrians pass through the bottleneck, we find that most pedestrians adjust their velocities according to the distance to the forward pedestrians. Results also indicate that due to different cultures, pedestrians flux in China and Germany may have some differences besides their similarities.
文摘Physiological and functional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism performance capacities, are subject to a variety of both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show considerable interspeciflc variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and functional diversity, but the form and intensity of selection on physiological and functional traits can also vary intraspecifically. The same suites of traits can experience quite different se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conflicts have potentially important consequences for the evolutionary trajectories of traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecific conflicts which could displace traits from their selective op- tima in certain classes of individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection for mechanisms to compensate for devia- tion from those optima. Such conflicts include interlocus sexual conflict, intralocus sexual conflict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conflict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence for, and implications of, such conflicts for physiological and functional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging from behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conflicts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might affect the evolution of behavior and physiological and functional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and function should consider such conflicts.
