基于矢量测量的射频微波器件非线性参数化行为建模技术评述

随着大功率射频微波器件的不断推广与应用,以及无线通信市场的迅猛发展,传统的小信号S参数线性系统理论既无法继续支持对大功率、高效率、复频谱利用率和超宽带等众多射频电子产品高效快速的研发,也不能满足无线系统前端——射频功率放大器、混频器、调制解调器和振荡器等部件的精确表征、建模、仿真、设计和应用的迫切要求,正是在这种大背景下,基于矢量测量的射频/微波器件非线性参数化行为建模技术也就应运而生。本文首先阐述非线性器件表征技术的发展背景与迫切性;然后介绍了该领域内逐渐成熟的两种矢量测量方案与核心技术的原理,并分析比较了两种方案的性能优劣;最后重点对三种非线性参数化行为模型的数学形式作了详细推演,介绍了参数提取方法和应用实例,展望了基于矢量测量的非线性行为建模技术的未来发展研究方向。

农业经济学的科学进化

以常规科学基本理论的发展为主导,以边际平衡这一理论核心为焦点,探索农业经济学科学化的过程。其中主要涉及生产函数、经营函数、状态分析、行为分析、状态行为分析和随机控制等基本概念。作为学说史,阐述的逻辑主线集中在这些概念的形成及其进展的条件上,目的在于揭示农业经济学理论进化的基本途径。

渗碳及渗碳喷丸齿轮轮齿弯曲疲劳极限的定量分析

跳出学科分工的局限性,对以齿轮为例的表面强化零件的表象疲劳极限进行综合分析。采用20CrMnTi钢制备三点弯曲小试样及齿轮试样。试样都经过同样的渗碳(并淬火及低温回火)处理,其中一半试样再经过表面喷丸强化。为了对比,还有一组小试样经过伪渗碳处理。测定了小试样表面层的残余压应力场。利用升降法确定了5×106周、应力比0.05条件下小试样和齿轮试样轮齿的弯曲疲劳极限载荷,并对各组试验中疲劳寿命最长的断口进行分析。建立有限元模型,并利用ANSYS软件计算齿轮根部的应力场。利用“疲劳源形成和疲劳极限的微细观过程理论”及“表面和内部疲劳极限”的概念对试验结果进行定量分析,并探讨根据小试样疲劳极限确定复杂零件(如齿轮)疲劳极限载荷的方法,以及表面强化工艺优化的问题。

基于电渗流的微流控混和芯片系统级建模技术研究

微流控混合芯片是微流控芯片系统中的重要组成部分,其混合效率直接影响后续反应产物的分布和反应体系的容量.文中对基于电渗流驱动的微流控混合芯片的系统级建模技术进行了研究,本研究首先结合基于电渗流驱动的微流控混合芯片的控制方程,对系统各组件的参数化行为模型进行了提取,在此基础上编程实现了系统各组件的多端口组件模型,构建了基于电渗流的微流控混和芯片系统级模型,模型仿真结果与有限元方法相比,相对误差为2.5%,而仿真速度却远远高于有限元方法.表明该方法在不显著损失系统精度的前提下,可以更加有效的对系统性能做出评价.

Characterization of hot deformation behavior of AA2014 forging aluminum alloy using processing map

The hot deformation behavior of AA2014forging aluminum alloy was investigated by isothermal compression tests attemperatures of350-480°C and strain rates of0.001-1s-1on a Gleeble-3180simulator.The corresponding microstructures of thealloys under different deformation conditions were studied using optical microscopy(OM),electron back scattered diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The processing maps were constructed with strains of0.1,0.3,0.5and0.7.The results showed that the instability domain was more inclined to occur at strain rates higher than0.1s-1and manifested in theform of local non-uniform deformation.At the strain of0.7,the processing map showed two stability domains:domain I(350-430°C,0.005-0.1s-1)and domain II(450-480°C,0.001-0.05s-1).The predominant softening mechanisms in both of the twodomains were dynamic recovery.Uniform microstructures were obtained in domain I,and an extended recovery occurred in domainII,which would lead to the potential sub-grain boundaries progressively transforming into new high-angle grain boundaries.Theoptimum hot working parameters for the AA2014forging aluminum alloy were determined to be370-420°C and0.008-0.08s-1.

Flow behavior and fracture of Al−Mg−Si alloy at cryogenic temperatures

The tensile and fracture behaviors of AA6061 alloy were investigated in order to provide quantitative data about this alloy at cryogenic temperatures.Specimens of AA6061 alloy were solution heat treated before tensile tests at 298,173 and 77 K and tested at strain rates in the range from 0.1 to 0.0001 s^(−1).The results indicate the suppression of the Portevin−Le Chatelier(PLC)effect and dynamic strain aging(DSA)at 77 K.In contrast,at 298 K,a remarkable serrated flow,characteristic of the PLC effect,is observed.Furthermore,the tensile behavior at 77 K,compared with that observed at 173 and 298 K,shows a simultaneous increase in strength,uniform elongation,modulus of toughness,strain-hardening exponent and strain rate sensitivity,which is related to a decrease in the dynamic recovery rate at low temperature.These responses are reflected on the fracture morphology,since the dimple size decreases at 77 K,while the area covered by dimples increases.Comparisons of the Johnson−Cook model show that a good agreement can be obtained for tests at 173 and 77 K,in which DSA is suppressed.

Nonlinear Dynamical Behavior in BS Evolution Model Based on Small-World Network Added with Mechanism of Preferential Connection

In this paper, we introduce a modified small-world network added with new links with preferential connection instead of adding randomly, then we apply Bak-Sneppen （BS） evolution model on this network. Several dynamical character of the model such as the evolution graph, fo avalanche, the critical exponent D and T, and the distribution of mutation times of all the nodes, show particular behaviors different from those of the model based on the regular network and the small-world network.

Expressive Aspect of Phallia-autocracy in an Indigenous African Society： The Case of Yoruba Proverbs

The patriarchal leaning of most traditional African communities is sign-posted by certain behavioural models which place the woman at the receiving end of certain prejudices in our cultural milieu. Such prejudices manifest in diverse behavioural and relational manners that either peripheralize the woman or out-rightly remove every vestige of human dignity from her being. Language, being a significant carrier of our emotions, biases, beliefs, preference and prejudices, provides a crucial platform for the interrogation of the nature of gender relations and their consequences in any society, such consideration has forced a preponderance of scholarly interest in gender studies in arts and humanities. This study caries out a scholarly investigate into such gender inspired biases through the prison of Yoruba proverbs as a reflection of our cultural practices and beliefs about the position of the woman in a typical traditional Yoruba setting

Construction of a macromolecular structural model of Chinese lignite and analysis of its low-temperature oxidation behavior

The aim of this paper is to analyze the change in the active structure of lignite during the process of lowtemperature oxidation by constructing a molecular structure model for lignite. Using quantum computation combined with experimental results of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), a structural model for the large molecular structure was constructed. By analyzing the bond lengths in the model molecule, the evolution law for the active structure of lignite was predicted for the process of low-temperature oxidation. In low-temperature oxidation,alkanes and hydroxyls are the primary active structures observed in lignite, though ether may also react. These active functional groups react with oxygen to release heat, thereby speeding up the reaction between coal and oxygen. Finally, the content of various functional groups in the process of lignite low-temperature oxidation was analyzed by infrared analysis, and the accuracy of the model was verified.

A KAD Network Evolution Model Based on Node Behavior

An evolution model of KAD Dynamic Model Network(KDMN) is proposed to study the reason of hot node and simulate the process of network evolution based on node behavior from a holistic perspective.First,some symbols and meanings are introduced to describe nodes relationship and network states at a time step.Second,some evolution rules for network are formulated when node behaviors of join,exit,routing table update,data retrieval and content index distribution happen with different contextual scene in KAD network.In addition,a lightweight simulator is designed to implement the KDMN model.Moreover,an example of how to use the simulator to simulate the network changes in order to observe the result is described in detail.Finally,the KDMN is applied to analyze the reason for the formation of hot nodes in the BT and eMule network in the experiment.The different evolution principles of local priority,global priority and hybrid random are adopted based on the provision of network protocol of BT and eMule.The result of this experiment demonstrates that there are some hot nodes exist in the KAD network.However,the principle of hybrid random can effectively alleviate the phenomenon that a node is widely linked with others compared with global and local priority.

Effect of volume changes on complete deformation behavior of rocks

For the purpose of describing the deformation characteristics of rocks,the effect of volume changes on mechanical properties of rocks should be taken into account with relation to the development of constitutive model.Firstly,rocks are divided into three parts,i.e.,voids,a damaged part and an undamaged part in the course of loading.The void ratio was applied to describing the changes of voids or pores during the deformation process.Then,using statistical damage theory,a constitutive model was developed for rocks to describe their strain softening and hardening on the basis of investigating the relationship between the net stress and apparent stress,in which the influence of volume changes on rock behavior was correctly taken into account,such as the initial phase of compaction and the latter stage of dilation.Thirdly,a method of determining model parameters was also presented.Finally,this model was used to compare the theoretical results with those observed from experiments under conventional triaxial loading conditions.

Constitutive description for casting magnesium alloy involving void evolution

In order to investigate the effect of microvoids on the mechanical behavior of casting magnesium alloy,a spherical void-cell model of the material was presented.The velocity and strain fields of the model were obtained from the assumption that the material matrix is homogeneous and incompressible.The hardening and softening functions,which respectively reflect the deformation-hardening and void-softening behaviors of the material,were presented and introduced to an endochronic constitutive equation for describing the mechanical behavior of the material including microvoids.The corresponding numerical algorithm and finite element procedure were developed and applied to the analyses of the elastoplastic response and the porosity of casting magnesium alloy ZL102.The computed results show satisfactory agreement with experimental data.

Unified analytical solutions for a circular opening based on non-linear unified failure criterion

Unified analytical solutions are presented for the predictions of the stresses and displacements around a circular opening based on nonqinear unified failure criterion and the elastic-brittle-plastic softening model. Unified analytical solutions not only involve generally traditional solutions which are based on the Hock-Brown （H-B） failure criterion or the non-linear twin-shear failure criterion, but also involve other new results. The results of the radius of plastic zone, radial displacements and stresses are obviously different using three rock masses when different values of the unified failure criterion parameter or different material behavior models are used. For a given condition, the radius of plastic zone and radial displacements are reduced by increasing the unified failure criterion parameter. The latent potentialities of rock mass result from considering the effect of intermediate principal stress. It is shown that proper choices of the failure criterion and the material behavior model for rock mass are significant in the tunnel design.

Bifurcation behaviors of an Euler discretized inertial delayed neuron model

This paper presents an Euler discretized inertial delayed neuron model, and its bifurcation dynamical behaviors are discussed. By using the associated characteristic model, center manifold theorem and the normal form method, it is shown that the model not only undergoes codimension one(flip, Neimark-Sacker) bifurcation, but also undergoes cusp and resonance bifurcation(1:1 and 1:2) of codimension two. Further, it is found that the parity of delay has some effect on bifurcation behaviors. Finally, some numerical simulations are given to support the analytic results and explore complex dynamics, such as periodic orbits near homoclinic orbits, quasiperiodic orbits, and chaotic orbits.

Effect of Pingan Fang, a Traditional Chinese Medicine compound, on behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference induced by ethanol in mice

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Pingan Fang(PG)on behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference(CPP)induced by ethanol in mice,and to determine the intervention mechanism of PG on alcohol addiction.METHODS:A behavioral sensitization mouse model induced by ethanol was established to observe the effect of PG on the development and expression of behavioral sensitization induced by ethanol by recording the spontaneous activity of mice.The resident time of mice in a white box was measured to evaluate the effect of PG on developing CPP induced by ethanol.Concentrations of dopamine(DA),Glutamate(Glu),and?-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in the corresponding mesolimbic region of mice were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:Although PG did not alter spontaneous activity in mice,it reduced the growth of spontaneous activity stimulated by ethanol.The residence time in the white box after-ethanol-training of mice in CPP experiments was decreased.CONCLUSION:Our data suggested that PG blocked the development and expression of behavioral sensitization induced by ethanol and the development of CPP in mice.The mechanism might be related to the decreased content of DA and Glu and increased content of GABA in the mesolimbic dopamine system.This suggests that PG might be useful for the prevention and treatment of alcohol addiction.

Swallowtail model for predicting the global bifurcation behavior of CO oxidation reactions

Catalytic CO oxidation on platinum group metals exhibits nonlinear phenomena such as hysteresis and bifurcation.Elucidation of the nonlinear mechanisms is important for catalyst design and control of reaction routes.Previous studies have offered initial insights into the local bifurcation behavior of CO oxidation.However,since the bifurcation behavior of CO oxidation is determined by multiple parameters such as temperature,total flux,and CO fraction,it is difficult to predict the global bifurcation behavior in the resulting high-dimensional parameter space.It is for this reason that the observed nonlinear phenomena reflect just the local bifurcation features of CO oxidation.In this paper,an elementary chemical law(topological invariance) concerning the bifurcation behavior of CO oxidation on platinum group metals such as Pd(111) is found from a topological perspective.Following the elementary law,we put forward a topological approach to model the critical criteria for the reaction hysteresis and bifurcation.The model may be applied to predict the global bifurcation behavior of CO oxidation in the high-dimensional parameter space.The topological approach and the model results may be useful as a guide in thinking about the complex reaction mechanism,designing reaction routes,and actively controlling the bifurcation behavior of the CO oxidation reaction.

Adsorption behaviors of strontium using macroporous silica based hexagonal tungsten oxide

A novel macroporous silica-based hexagonal tungsten oxide （h-WO3/SiO2） with exchangeable sodium cations located in hex- agonal tunnel structure was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal treatment of sodium tungstate dihydrate with 1 mol/L HCl solution. Utilization of the h-WO3/SiO2 adsorbent to remove aqueous strontium was investigated under the condition of various pH values, contact time, the initial concentration of metal ions, salt ion concentration, and coexisting ions. According to the experimental data, Sr2＋ adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 15 min in acidic solution, and the maximum removal ca- pacity of Sr2＋ occurred at pH 4. The kinetic adsorption of Sr2＋ on h-WO3/SiO2 was controlled by pseudo second-order model, and the saturated adsorption of Sr2＋ on h-WO3/SiO2 was better described by Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models compared with the Freundlich isotherm model. The distribution coefficient of St2＋ was more than 2000 cm3/g in the presence of Ca2＋, Mg2＋, La3＋, and Eu3＋, indicating that the h-WO3/SiO2 showed excellent selectivity towards Sr2＋ in pH 4.

AGING PROPERTIES OF THE LIFETIME IN SIMPLE ADDITIVE DEGRADATION MODELS

This paper deals with the simple additive degradation models with single random effect. The authors further study the link between the aging property of the implied lifetime and that of the random variation. It is found that both the aging property of the random variation and the analytical behavior of the mean degradation path influence the aging behavior of the implied lifetime.

SSUH model: A small-strain extension of the unified hardening model

A small strain unified hardening(SSUH) model is proposed in the present study to tackle the small strain behavior of clay. The model is an extension of the unified hardening(UH) model for overconsolidated(OC) clays accounting for the small strain stiffness. The new features of the SSUH model over the UH model include:(a) a new elastic hysteretic stress-strain relationship to evaluate the stiffness degradation at small strains and to generate the hysteresis loop under cyclic loading condition;(b) a revised unified hardening parameter to enhance the plastic stiffness at small strains; and(c) a new overconsolidation parameter, which is crucial to make the UH model working with the elastic hysteretic stress-strain relationship effectively. With these enhancements, the SSUH model can describe a high initial stiffness and the highly nonlinear stress-strain relationship at small strains, in addition to the shear dilatancy and strain hardening/softening behaviors of OC clays at large strains. In comparison with the Modified Cam-clay(MCC) model, the proposed model needs two more small strain related parameters, which can be easily obtained from laboratory tests. Finally, some drained triaxial compression tests at large strains, drained triaxial compression/extension tests at small strains, an undrained compression test at small strains and a drained cyclic constant radial stress test are employed to validate the new model.