行为活化疗法在抑郁症中的创新应用研究进展

行为活化疗法是针对抑郁症的短程心理治疗方法,因简单易操作且治疗费用低,在抑郁症治疗方面取得了积极成效。在信息技术的发展和人口老龄化的推动下,行为活化疗法正在不断创新与变革,以适应抑郁症治疗的需要。本文综述了行为活化疗法在抑郁症中的应用,在分析行为活化疗法内涵、治疗现状的基础上,重点探讨了行为活化疗法的创新应用进展。

行为活化治疗老年糖尿病伴发抑郁及其对行为抑制/激活系统的影响

目的:探讨行为活化对老年糖尿病(DM)共病抑郁的疗效,及治疗过程中行为抑制、激活系统的变化情况。方法:老年DM伴抑郁症患者随机分组后,分别接受行为活化治疗(BA组,n=36)和支持性心理治疗(SP组,n=33),疗程6周;于治疗前后评定Beck抑郁问卷(BDI)、行为抑制/激活系统量表(BIS/BAS)。结果:1治疗6周时,BA组、SP组BDI(t=9.319,7.041;均P=0.000)、BIS(t=3.677,3.075;P=0.001,0.004)评分均较治疗前降低,BAS评分均较治疗前增高(t=4.484,2.308;P=0.000,0.028);2治疗6周时,BA组BDI、BAS评分的变化率显著高于SP组(t=3.189,2.167;P=0.029,0.044),而两组BIS评分变化率无显著差异(t=0.948,P=0.346);3BA组、SP组的BDI评分变化率均与BAS评分的变化率负相关(r=-0.415,-0.353;P=0.011,0.043),而与BIS评分变化率的相关性均不显著(r=0.266,0.213;P=0.104,0.230)。结论:BA可改善老年糖尿病患者伴发的抑郁,并可能与其对行为激活系统有较强的作用有关。

行为活化治疗对军队离退休干部糖尿病患者共病抑郁的干预效果

目的研究行为活化(behavioral activation,BA)治疗干预军队离退休干部糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)患者共病抑郁障碍的效果。方法将男性军队离退休干部DM共病轻中度抑郁障碍患者69例随机分组,分别为接受BA治疗组36例(研究组)或支持性心理治疗组33例,疗程6周,于干预前、干预后分别评定Beck抑郁问卷(BDI),以BDI减分率评定疗效。结果 (1)与干预前相比,研究组、对照组干预后BDI评分显著降低(P<0.001);研究组干预后BDI评分显著低于对照组(P<0.01)、BDI减分率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);(2)研究组干预有效率为55.56%,较对照组的30.30%显著提高(P<0.05)。结论 BA可显著改善DM患者所共病的抑郁障碍,疗效优于支持性心理治疗。

让行动成为前进的方向——用行为活化训练提升学生学习效能的案例

个案是一例学习效能低下的高中生,采用行为活化(BA)的系列训练进行辅导,从日常行为记录表开始,找出消极行为的TRAP模型,使用价值树等方法对模型进行分析,找到突破点,并排除障碍落实计划。训练过程中使用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、学业参与度量表、心理弹性量表以及自我效能感量表进行了前后测,结果发现训练效果非常显著。行为活化训练对专业要求不高,易操作,短程高效,而且适合团体进行,是一种值得推广的提升学生学习效能的方法。

Determination of kinetic parameters from calorimetric study of solid state reactions in 7150 Al-Zn-Mg alloy

Differential scanning calorimetric （DSC） study was carried out at different heating rates to examine the solid state reactions in a 7150 A1-Zn-Mg alloy in water-quenched （WQ） state, naturally and artificially aged tempers. The exothermic and endothermic peaks of the thermograms indicating the solid state reaction sequence were identified. The shift of peak temperatures to higher temperatures with increasing heating rates suggests that the solid state reactions are thermally activated and kinetically controlled. The artificial aging behaviour of the alloy was assessed by measuring the variations of hardness with aging time. The fraction of transformation （Y）, the rate of transformation （dY/dt）, the transformation functionflY）, and the kinetic parameters such as activation energy （Q） and frequency factor （k0） of all the solid state reactions in the alloy were determined by analyzing the DSC data, i.e. heat flow involved with the corresponding DSC peaks. It was found that the kinetic parameters of the solid state reactions are in good agreement with the published data.

Chemical Behavior of Cadmium in Purple Soil as Affected by Surfactants and EDTA

A soil batch experiment was conducted to investigate both separate and compound effects of three types of surfactants: anionic dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodiumsalt (DBSS), cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and non-ionic nonyl phenol polyethyleneoxy ether (TX-100), as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on cadmium solubility, sorption kinetics, and sorption-desorption behavior in purple soil. The results indicated that both individual application of the three types of surfactants and surfactants combined with EDTA could stimulate Cd extraction from the soil with a general effectiveness ranking of EDTA/TX-100 > EDTA/DBSS > EDTA/CTAB > EDTA > TX-100 > DBSS > CTAB. Further study showed that the compound application of surfactants and EDTA had stronger (P < 0.05) effects on Cd solubility than those added individually. The application of surfactants and EDTA to purple soil (P < 0.05) decreased the proportion of Cd sorbed, while their effectiveness ranking was similar to that of enhanced solubilization. The sorption kinetics of Cd in purple soil was best described by the double-constant equation, while the Freundlich equation gave an excellent fit to the sorption isotherm curves. Therefore, surfactant-enhanced remediation of Cd contaminated soil is feasible and further research should be conducted.

Electrochemical study on adsorption behavior of surfactants at β-2CaO·SiO2/NaAlO2 interface

β-2CaO＇SiO2 was obtained with analytical grade reagents. Polyethylene glycol （PEG）, sodium polyacrylate （PAAS） and their mixture were used to inhibit the decomposition of β-2CaO·SiO2 in sodium aluminate solution. The potential of solid-liquid interface and the adsorption mechanism were studied by the methods of Zeta potential measurement and XPS. The results indicate that PEG and PAAS have synergistic effect on the inhibition of secondary reaction. The inhibitory effect is the best when the volume ratio of PAAS to PEG is 1：1 and the total concentration is 12.5 mg/L. PAAS adsorbs on the surface of β-2CaO-SiO2 by the formation of --COOCa coordinate bond, and the negative charge enters into Stem layer, which results in the decrease of particle potential and the obvious change of binding energy of Ca 2p, Si 2p and O Is. PEG only physically adsorbs on the surface ofβ-2CaO·SiO2, and had little effect on particle potential and binding energy of Ca 2p, Si 2p and O Is.

Research on Cultural Schemas for Social Interactions

Social interactions strategies refer to saying the proper words and sentences on proper occasions. They could be affected by different cultural backgrounds （schemas）. Culture is usually treated as the basis of our social interactions which influences the way we deal with problems, and even our thought and behavior. Therefore, although many communication problems occur on the interpersonal level, most difficulties and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences. With a deeper comprehension, the cultural differences are the schema differences which are a kind of framework of a specific culture that exists in people＇s brain and influences people＇s judgments and behavior of daily life. Furthermore, this schema conflict would also confuse people＇s judgment and make them to choose the wrong way to respond. Thus, the schema conflict interferes our social interactions.

When Sensory Substitution Devices Strike Back： An Interactive Training Paradigm

A sensory substitution device （SSD） is a technology that translates information for one sensory modality, like vision, into information for use by another, like touch. Though SSDs have been in existence for over four decades, effective training techniques for their use are rarely discussed. In this paper, we compare three training strategies on a particular SSD known as the vOICe. These comparisons were conducted using a minimal but active search and localization task of luminescent discs. These studies show that an interactive training paradigm, which combines the efforts of two trainees at the same time in a tag-like game, is more effective than passive training at a computer console or active training involving search and localization of luminescent discs. This finding supports philosophical views of perception that take interaction with the environment seriously. In particular, we argue that these findings are in support of certain features of the extended mind view as proposed by Andy Clark （2008）. In particular, the study suggests that when environmental conditions are responsive to one＇s behavioral activity, the activity itself is enhanced, as is predicted by the extended mind view.

Green Product Purchase Behaviour： Relevance for Muslims

Recent climate change phenomenon and other prevailing environmental problems have marked a need for human beings to rethinking their way of life, particularly in their relationship with the environment. In Islam, human beings are made responsible at his/her best efforts in preserving the environment including practising pro-environmental behaviour. Due to strong pressures by Western public movements since past decades, the emergence of green products in marketplace has provided an alternative and better way of consumption in reducing adverse environmental impacts. However, little attention has been paid on relating green product purchase behaviour with Islamic teachings. Therefore, the paper discusses the role of green products purchase behaviours in reducing adverse environmental impacts and its relationship with Islamic teachings as mentioned in AI-Quran and As-Sunnah. Besides, the importance of green product knowledge in determining green product purchase behaviour is also discussed. Implications from the study would provide some insights on links between green product purchase behaviours and Islamic teachings as well as improving understanding on the influence of knowledge on pro-environmental behaviours both in empirical manner and as being outlined in Islam.

Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline in reverse microemulsion

The electro-polymerization behavior of aniline in reverse(W/O) microemulsion was investigated. The experiment results show that the cyclic voltammetry polymerization behavior of aniline in W/O microemulsion is different from that in aqueous solution remarkably. With the increase of scan cycle, the oxidation potential shifts positively and the reduction potential shifts negatively, i.e., the redox potential difference increases. H+ apparent concentration affects the aniline polymerization evidently. When H+ concentration is lower than 0.08 mol/L, the electro-polymerization of aniline is difficult. With the increase of H+ concentration, the polymerization current of aniline increases gradually. Only when H+ concentration is high enough(0.5 mol/L), aniline can be well electro-polymerized. Moreover, under the same condition, the aniline polymerization current in W/O microemulsion is higher than that in aqueous solution. The scanning electron microscopy image shows that the deposited polyaniline(PANI) has uniform fiber morphology with diameter of about 100 nm. Further study result suggests that the electrochemical activity of the PANI in HCl is similar to that of the PANI prepared in aqueous solution.

Research on Fuzi based on animal thermotropism behavior to discover if it has fewer "hot" characteristics without Ganjiang

OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Praeparata) has fewer "hot" characteristics when administered without Ganjiang(Rhizoma Zingiberis).METHODS:Differences in the thermotropism behaviors of mice treated either with Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Praeparata),Ganjiang(Rhizoma Zingiberis) or the combination of the two given intragastrically were investigated using the Animal Thermotropism Behavior Surveillance System.The water intake volume,oxygen consumption volume,adenosine triphosphatase(ATPase) activity,total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) activity were determined during the investigation.RESULTS:When Fuzi and Ganjiang were administered together,the rate at which mice remained on a warm plate("remaining rate") and the times and distances of their movement were all significantly reduced(P<0.05).Compared with the Normal group,the reduction was 55.1%,48.3% and 44.8%,while compared with the Fuzi group,the reduction was 57.6%,34.3% and 36.0%,indicating that "cold" tropism was significantly increased.Compared with the Normal and Fuzi groups,the ATPase activity and the respiratory oxygen consumption volume of the Fuzi + Ganjiang group were significantly increased(P<0.05),suggesting an improvement in energy metabolism and showing a "hot" characteristic when Fuzi and Ganjiang are present together.Additionally,the T-AOC and T-SOD activity were significantly enhanced(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The behavior of mice tending toward "cold" tropism can be regarded as a quantitative reflection of Fuzi having fewer characteristics consistent w ith a "hot" nature when not used with Ganjiang,the functional mechanism of which may be a change in the ATPase activity in liver tissue.

Functional study of hyperpolarization activated channel (I_h) in Drosophila behavior

Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated and cation-nonselective ion channels （lh channels, or HCN channels） are known to play important roles in mammals. Their physiological functions in invertebrate remain largely unclear. Here, we re- port our studies with lh channel in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila lh channel mutants are found with several defects by behavioral analyses. Their lifespan is reduced, and their chemical sensitivity is shifted. In addition, their length of sleep at light-dark condition is mildly reduced. We generated transgenic flies of lh promoter-driven Gal4 and examined its expression pattern in both larvae and adult flies. Our results suggest that Ih channel may play diverse roles in Drosophila and provide a basis to further expand our understanding of Drosophila Ih channel function in vivo.

Biochemical and behavioral characterization of the double transgenic mouse model (APPswe/PS1dE9) of Alzheimer’s disease

Objective The double transgenic mouse model （APPswe/PSldE9） of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） has been widely used in experimental studies. β-Amyloid （Aβ） peptide is excessively produced in AD mouse brain, which affects synaptic function and the development of central nervous system. However, little has been reported on characterization of this model. The present study aimed to characterize this mouse AD model and its wild-type counterparts by biochemical and functional approaches. Methods Blood samples were collected from the transgenic and the wild-type mice, and radial arm water maze behavioral test was conducted at the ages of 6 and 12 months. The mice were sacrificed at 12-month age. One hemisphere of the brain was frozen-sectioned for immunohistochemistry and the other hemisphere was dissected into 7 regions. The levels ofAβ1-40, Aβ1-42 and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine （8-OHdG） in blood or/and brain samples were analyzed by ELISA. Secretase activities in brain regions were analyzed by in vitro assays. Results The pre-mature death rate of transgenic mice was approximately 35% before 6-month age, and high levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 were detected in these dead mice brains with a ratio of 1 ： 1 0. The level of blood-borne Aβ at 6-month age was similar with that at 12-month age. Besides, Aβ1-40 level in the blood was significantly higher than Aβ1-42 level at the ages of 6 and 12 months （ratio 2.37：1）. In contrast, the level of Aβ1-42 in the brain （160.6 ng/mg protein） was higher than that of Aβ1-40 （74 ng/mg protein） （ratio 2.17：1）. In addition, the levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 varied markedly among different brain regions. Aβ1-42 level was significantly higher than Aβ1-40 level in cerebellum, frontal and posterior cortex, and hippocampus. Secretase activity assays did not reveal major differences among different brain regions or between wild-type and transgenic mice, suggesting that the transgene PS1 did not lead to higher 7-secretase activity but was more efficient in producing Aβ1-42 peptides. 8-OHdG, the biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, showed a trend of increase in the blood of transgenic mice, but with no significant difference, as compared with the wild-type mice. Behavioral tests showed that transgenic mice had significant memory deficits at 6-month age compared to wild-type controls, and the deficits were exacerbated at 12-month age with more errors. Conclusion These results suggest that this mouse model mimics the early-onset human AD and may represent full-blown disease at as early as 6-month age for experimental studies.

Consistent individual differences in fathering in threespined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus

There is growing evidence that individual animals show consistent differences in behavior. For example, individual threespined stickleback fish differ in how they react to predators and how aggressive they are during social interactions with con- specifics. A relatively unexplored but potentially important axis of variation is parental behavior. In sticklebacks, fathers provide all of the parental care that is necessary for offspring survival; therefore paternal care is directly tied to fitness. In this study, we assessed whether individual male sticklebacks differ consistently from each other in parental behavior. We recorded visits to nest, total time fanning, and activity levels of 11 individual males every day throughout one clutch, and then allowed the males to breed again. Half of the males were exposed to predation risk while parenting during the first clutch, and the other half of the males ex- perienced predation risk during the second clutch. We detected dranlatic temporal changes in parental behaviors over the course of the clutch： for example, total time fanning increased six-fold prior to eggs hatching, then decreased to approximately zero. De- spite these temporal changes, males retained their individually-distinctive parenting styles within a clutch that could not be ex- plained by differences in body size or egg mass. Moreover, individual differences in parenting were maintained when males re- produced for a second time. Males that were exposed to simulated predation risk briefly decreased fanning and increased activity levels. Altogether, these results show that individual sticklebacks consistently differ from each other in how they behave as parents [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 45-52, 2012].

Electrochemical behavior of hemoglobin in neutral surfactants with different poly(ethylene oxide) unit lengths adsorbed on an electrode

The direct electron transfer and adsorption behavior of hemoglobin(Hb) in a series of surfactants with different poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) unit lengths on a glassy carbon electrode have been studied.With a surfactant of appropriate PEO unit length,the surfactant film-modified electrode exhibited a more stable adsorption state with a larger surface coverage of Hb and a more positive formal potential,which can be attributed to the effect of hydrogen bonding between proteins and surfactants.The electrochemical behavior of surfactants with different PEO unit lengths is discussed in detail.Moreover,UV-visible spectroscopy demonstrated that the structure of Hb was not destroyed in the surfactant films.The electrocatalytic activity of hydrogen peroxide on three neutral surfactant-modified electrodes has also been investigated.

Thermal stability of biological tissues and their behavior in cold conditions： A mathematical model

This paper presents an application of finite element method to study the thermoreg- ulatory behavior of three layers of human dermal parts with varying properties. The investigation of temperature distributions in epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue together with Crank-Nicholson scheme at various atmospheric conditions was carried out. The finite element method has been applied to obtain the numerical solution of gov- erning differential equation for one-dimensional unsteady state bioheat equation using suitable values of parameters that affect the heat transfer in human body. The outer skin is assumed to be exposed to cold atmospheric temperatures and the loss of heat due to convection, radiation and evaporation has been taken into consideration. The important parameters like blood mass flow rate, metabolic heat generation rate and thermal conductivity are taken heterogeneous in each layer according to their distinct physiological and biochemical activities. The temperature profiles at various nodal points of the skin and in vivo tissues have been calculated with respect to the severe cold ambient temperatures. The conditions under which hypothermia, non-freezing and freezing injuries develop were illustrated in the graphs.