危害行为的种类

目前刑法理论将危害行为根据其客观形态分为作为和不作为两类,而现在有的学者提出,危害行为应包括作为、不作为和持有三种形态;也有学者将危害行为分为作为、不作为以及以作为形式实施的不作为三种形态的观点。这两种有关危害行为的"三分法"的观点,都认为危害行为的客观形态除作为与不作为以外,还存在着第三种"行为"。根据目前的危害行为的理论,通说中对危害行为分为作为与不作为的"两分法"观点是科学合理的",三分法"存在概念混乱和逻辑问题。

关于学生作弊、作弊心理分析及对策

目前在学校特别是高校学生考试作弊之风有所滋长和蔓延，为此应引起高度重视。我们从心理学的角度做了认真调查研究．并采取积极有效的对策，期望能予以切实、有效的解决。

我国竞业禁止制度的检讨和概念重述——兼评《公司法》第61条的规定

本文基于对当今世界大规模的企业间参股、控股、购并浪潮及我国广泛组建企业集团政策选择的现实思考 ,通过分析我国法律对竞业禁止制度尤其是竞业禁止行为主体与行为种类制度的规定 ,对我国《公司法》第 6 1条第 1款做了检讨。并依据竞业禁止制度的立法目的和存在价值对竞业禁止的概念进行了重述 :即法律所禁止的对竞业经营负有特定义务的公司人员在任职期间或者离职后的一定期间内 ,非经公司权力机关和监督机关同意或授权而自营或者为他人经营与其所任职的公司同类的营业的行为 。

Behavioral interactions between a coexisting rodent Micaelamys namaquensis and macroscelid Elephantulus myurus

A number of mechanisms are known to influence coexistence in small mammal communities. However, the role ofbehavioral interactions in promoting species coexistence is under-represented in the literature. We studied the behavioral interactionsof two coexisting small mammals, the Namaqua rock mouse Micaelamys namaquensis (Rodentia) and the Rock sengi Elephantulusmyurus (Macroscelidae), which have high dietary and microhabitat overlap. Using wild-caught individuals, intra- andinterspecific dyadic encounters were staged in tanks on a neutral rocky outcrop. Interspecific dyads displayed significantly moreactive avoidance behavior. There was no support for the prediction that the larger, more specialist species, E. myurus, is behaviorallydominant over M. namaquensis. Intraspecific encounters of E. myurus showed significantly more passive avoidance andamicable behavior, whereas the behavior of M. namaquensis did not differ between intra- and inter-specific encounters, both ofwhich were characterized by low levels of aggression and amicability. Thus, due to the lack of aggression, direct competition appearsweak and instead mutual avoidance may reduce or minimize interspecific interactions, potentially promoting coexistence.

Distribution of mineral species in different coal seams of Talcher coalfield and its transformation behavior at varying temperatures

Mineral phase characterization and thorough understanding of its transformation behavior during combustion are imperative to know the potential utilization of coal in the thermal industries. The primary objective of this work is to analyze the quality of Indian Coals and obtain their mineral species-specific information at different depths. The samples were obtained from Talcher Coalfield, Odisha, India. Coal from four seam sections in the Talcher coalfield, India are mainly high ash coal （〉50 %） and volatile matter deceases along with the seam depth. XRD results show that the major mineral phases present in the coal are quartz and kaolinite. Siderite, illite, and anatase were found in minor quantities. It has been observed that the clay minerals （kaolinite, silimanite, illite） decompose at higher temperature and traces of dolomite, mullite, hematite etc. are formed during the process of combustion. Among the four seams （M2, M12, M24 and M43） studied, ash of M43 has high A1203%, TIO2% and K20% content and low SIO2%, CaO% and MgO% content. High acid- to-base ratios contributed to high ash fusion temperatures （IDT 〉 1500 ℃） and low slagging potential of the coals studied. Relatively low fouling index （〈0.3） was estimated for all the coal seams studied. Furthermore, thermodynamic modeling software, FactSage, have been used to envision the mineral phase transformations that take place between 800 and 1500℃ during coal combustion.

关于市场经济条件下特种行业治安管理的思考

党的“十四大”明确提出我国经济体制改革的总目标是“建立社会主义市场经济体制”。从而把我国经济发展和社会全面进步推向了一个新的历史时期,在新的历史时期下,作为公安机关治安管理的一个重要组成部分——特种行业管理工作遇到哪些新情况、新问题?

Wildlife Deterrence from Hazards Using High Brightness Ultraviolet Light

The purpose of this study was to examine the behavioral impact of varying LED （light emitting diode） spectral emissions on avian species. A novel oculo-neuro-motor response to monochromatic LEDs has been identified. LED colored light of sufficient intensity matched to the short-wavelength cones of avian species can efficiently diminish overall visual perception leading to an augmented behavioral response. The study method involved monitoring the change in behavioral response after exposure to high brightness monochromatic LED light to wild Osprey （Pandion haliaetus） foraging and nesting in their natural environment. Our results demonstrated a statistically significant change in foraging behaviors with wild Osprey （p = 0.005） and in nesting behavior as a result of exposure to high brightness monochromatic LED light. An augmented behavioral responses was observed which is believed to be analogous to human reaction to solar glare and glint. The neuroimaging mechanism of avian species is discussed. This novel augmented behavioral response provides a new technique of studying the neuroscience of temporal and spatial light stimulus. A non-lethal deterrence technique involving the augmented behavioral response could mitigate mortality and morbidity of avian-human conflict in areas such as airports, airplane bird strikes, and wind turbines.

Behavioral Differentiation between Anas poecilorhyncha and Domestic Duck

Anas poecilorhyncha is one of improved variety of mallards, which was the protected bird species listed by International Union for Conservation of Nature （1UCN）. Little is known until now about behavioral characteristics of the mallard. The objective of this study was to compare the behavioral differentials between A. poecilorhyncha and domestic duck in order to make a strategy to manage A. poecilorhyncha under the condition of animal welfare. A total of 180 birds were distributed into six groups with 30 birds for each group. They were placed in a room of 3 m ~ 4 m and fed for one year old. Sansui ducks, a kind of native domestic duck （Sansui laying duck） were used for behavioral comparison. Two different rooms in the same building were applied, one room for A. poecilorhyncha and another one for Sansui ducks. All behaviors for A. poecilorhyncha and Sansui ducks were coded using the program The Observer XT 11.5 （Noldus Information Technology, Beijing）. The duration of observation was from 8：00 am to 18：00 pm daily and lasted 5 d. The results showed that there were similar behavioral percentages between A. poecilorhyncha and domestic duck. Percentages of standing activity spent for A. poecilorhyncha and Sansui duck were 34.59% and 30.25%, respectively. Accordingly, the activities, such as wing plugging, preening and head stretching, were more than 5.51%. The other activities, including walking, drinking and tail wagging, occupied less proportions （〈 3%）. While the specific behaviors, like aggression, alerting, wing dithering, clawing, nodding, pendulum clawing and crawling, took less than 1% of percentage. There were large differences between A. poecilorhyncha and domestic duck when comparing eight behavioral peaks. Lag sequential analysis was used to calculate frequency of transition between a pair of activities. Some parameters were very significant, like the frequency value from foraging converted to drinking in Sansui duck was 369-515, but 37-65 in A. poecilorhyncha. The best explaining could be given that Sansui duck was better domesticated than spot-billed duck. This study provides the basic data to study and develop spot-billed duck.

胡塞尔与意识结构研究之缘起

《意识结构研究》作为《胡塞尔全集》第四十三卷,是该系列于2020年最新面市的一卷。这里探讨的是其中包含的几个值得重视和深入探讨的问题领域和思考方向:第一,纯粹心理学与超越论问题的普全性;第二,知·情·意的三重奠基关系问题;第三,意识的动态奠基关系;第四,意识的“轴向的”与“径向的”意向结构;第五,表象现象学与客体化行为的概念;第六,统觉或立义的问题;第七,广义的设定:存在设定、价值设定和目标设定;第八,功能现象学与权能问题。

Consistent differences in foraging behavior in 2 sympatric harvester ant species may facilitate coexistence

The co-occurrence of 2 similar species depends on their ability to occupy different ecological niches. Here, we compared the consistency of different aspects of foraging behavior in 2 cooccurring harvester ant species （Messor ebeninus and Messor arenarius）, under field conditions. The 2 species are active concomitantly and display a similar diet, but M. arenarius features smaller colonies, larger workers on average, and a broader range of foraging strategies than M. ebeninus. We characterized the flora in the 2 species＇ natural habitat, and detected a nesting preference by M. arenarius for more open, vegetation-free microhabitats than those preferred by M. ebeninus. Next, we tested the food preference of foraging colonies by presenting 3 non-native seed types. Messor arenarius was more selective in its food choice. Colonies were then offered 1 type of seeds over 3 days in different spatial arrangements from the nest entrance （e.g., a seed plate close to the nest entrance, a seed plate blocked by an obstacle, or 3 plates placed at increasing distances from the nest entrance）. While both species were consistent in their foraging behavior, expressed as seed collection, under different treatments over time, M. ebeninus was more consistent than M. arenarius. These differences between the species may be expxained by their different colony size, worker size, and range of foraging strategies, among other factors. We suggest that the differences in foraging, such as in food preference and behavioral consistency while foraging, could contribute to the co-occurrence of these 2 species in a similar habitat.

Preliminary notes on brain weight variation across labrid fish species with different levels of cooperative behaviour

Brain size and weight vary tremendously in the animal kingdom. It has been suggested that brain structural develop- ment must evolve balanced between the advantages of dealing with greater social challenges mad the energetic costs of maintain- ing and developing larger brains. Here we ask if interspecific differences in cooperative behaviour （i.e. cleaning behaviour） are related to brain weight variations in four close-related species of Labrid fish： two are obligatory cleanerfish throughout their en- tire life （Labroides dimidiatus and L. bicolor）, one facultative cleaner fish Labropsis australis and one last species that never en- gage in cleaning Labrichthys unilineatus. We first search for the link between the rate of species＇ cooperation and its relative brain weight, and finally, if the degree of social complexity and cooperation are reflected in the weight of its major brain sub- structures. Overall, no differences were found in relative brain weight （in relation to body weight） across species. Fine-scale dif- ferences were solely demonstrated for the facultative cleaner L. australis, at the brainstem level. Furthermore, data visual exami- nation indicates that the average cerebellum and brainstem weights appear to be larger for L. dimidiatus. Because variation was solely found at specific brain areas （such as cerebellum and brainstem） and not for the whole brain weight values, it suggests that species social-ecological and cognitive demands may be directly contributing to a selective investment in relevant brain areas. This study provides first preliminary evidence that links potential differences in cognitive ability in cooperative behaviour to how these may mediate the evolution of brain structural development in non-mammal vertebrate groups .

Sexual selection on color and behavior within and between cichlid populations： Implications for speciation

Sexual selection is widely viewed as playing a central role in haplochromine cichlid speciation. Hypothetically, once divergent mate preferences evolve among populations of these fishes, reproductive isolation follows and the populations begin to behave as different species. Various studies have examined patterns of assortative mating among species and sometimes populations, but few have examined variation in directional preferences, especially among populations of the same species. We investi- gated mate choice behavior in two populations of Labeotropheus fueUeborni, a Lake Malawi endemic. We test whether mating preferences between populations are based on the same traits and in the same direction as preferences within populations. We examine the potential contributions of two classes of trait, color patterns and behaviors, to reproductive isolation. When females chose between either two males of their own population, or two from another, female preferences were generally similar （for the female population） across the two contexts. Mate choice patterns differed between （female） populations for a measure of color, but only modestly for male behavior. In a separate experiment we simultaneously offered females a male of their own population and a male from a different population. In these trials, females consistently preferred males from their own population, which were also the males that displayed more frequently than their opponents, but not necessarily those with color traits suggested to be most attractive in the previous experiment. Thus directional preferences for chroma and related aspects of color may be important when females are presented with males of otherwise similar phenotypes, but may play little role in mediating assortative mating among populations with substantially different color patterns. A preference for male behavior could play some role in speciation if males preferentially court same-population females, as we have observed for the populations studied herein [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 475-483, 2012].

Niche segregation, competition, and urbanization

Urbanization of species is an ongoing process where successful urban colonizers usually obtain large fitness benefits. Mechanisms proposed to explain associations between urbanization and lifehistory traits are based on behavioral flexibility in food and habitat use and reduced fear responses. We test the novel hypothesis that interspecific competition for proximity to humans is driving ur- banization. We recorded the distance during the breeding season to human habitation for 50 pairs of closely related bird species, where one was closely associated with humans while the other species was not. The degree of urbanization was larger as was range size and abundance in the species more closely associated to humans. Flight initiation distance was shorter, and species closely associated with humans were more abundant in ancestral rural habitats. Likewise, species more closely associated with humans reproduced earlier and during longer periods. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that urbanization is promoted by interspecific competition. Resulting isolation by urban habitat may further facilitate contemporary adaptation to urban environments.

对《治安管理处罚条例》的几点思考

《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》(以下简称条例),是同违法行为特别是同违反治安管理行为作斗争的有力武器。它具有普遍的法律效力和约束力,是人们必须遵守的行为准则。十多年来,《条例》为维护社会治安,保障人民的合法权益,保证社会主义现代化建设顺利进行发挥了重要作用。今后,《条例》还将是维护社会治安秩序的重要法律武器。