敦煌行城与剑川太子会及其历史传承关系初探

敦煌古代二月八日的行城(行像)活动与剑川二月八日太子会同为民俗文化性质的佛教行事,相差千年,但具有一定的历史传承关系。两者不仅在形式和规模等方面有诸多相同与相近之处,而且敦煌早期有关二月八日活动缘由的记载与剑川二月八日太子会关于纪念释迦太子出游四门而设的渊源也相同。

朝鲜王朝前期的北方沿江行城建置及其防御功能

朝鲜北方沿江行城,亦可谓朝鲜长城,是朝鲜王朝前期在其北方边境地区(鸭绿江与图们江南岸)为防备女真而建的重要军事防御工程。朝鲜行城的修建主要源于两种动力,它始建于1440年,整个建造期分为兴建与续修两大阶段,在时间上前后持续约半个多世纪,此外还有一并进行且持续更久的维护期。朝鲜王朝建造并持续利用行城的目的,主要是寄望于"保国封疆",将其作为"沿江防御体系"的重要组成部分,凭借江水实现"封疆"防御,以保证边防安稳。但是,因疏于管理,行城于清朝建立后被废弃。检视其兴建与维系历程,探究其防御作用,有助于理解近世东亚农耕民族与辽东农牧—渔猎民族的关系。

行像與行城——敦煌行城儀式起源考

每年二月八日舉行的行城儀式是唐至宋初敦煌地方佛教文化的代表。敦煌地區的行城儀式是爲紀念悉達太子逾城出家而舉行的,模仿悉達太子出迦毗羅衛城時的巡城活動;人們將佛像置於車輦或神轎上,出行像堂經城東、南、西門至北門繞行一周。又因爲繞城一周,也被認爲是模仿太子四門出遊,並在北門舉行宴會。這一儀式是由寺院主辦,行像社社員等多人參與.

把品牌这块蛋糕做大——重庆万里行品牌鞋城掠影

重庆朝天门交易市场作为十大交易市场之一,日均人流量20万余人次,年交易额达70亿元以上,享有"老百姓的购物天堂,生意人的聚财宝地"美称.重庆万里行品牌鞋城就座落在朝天门这块宝地上.这家鞋城从成立至今仅两年的时间,现经营规模已达到一万平米以上,成为朝天门鞋类市场经营面积最大的专营中高档精品鞋批发市场.万里行品牌鞋城的崛起,为重庆中高档精品牌鞋类提供了开拓市场的诱人的商机,为西部鞋业的发展做出了重要的贡献.

丙申孟春阆中古城行咏

绿树浓荫拥翠华，村头矮屋若浮槎。 风吹好梦寻芳径，烟锁丛林识旧家。

海城西部明代墩台考实(二)

辽东镇路台起建于何时,已很难确切考证.但从鞍山驿为洪武二十年所设推断,路台建设亦当于此时开始.“嘉靖二十八年,巡抚蒋应奎自山海直抵开原,每五里设台一座,历任巡抚吉澄,王之浩于险要处增设加密,每台上盖更楼一座,黄旗一面,器械俱全,台下有圈,设军夫五名,常川嘹望,以便趋避.”(《全辽志》)在海城境内有两条驿道通过,一条是联系辽东辽西的主干道,由辽阳经鞍山驿(今鞍山城)南行至海城,转而西行至牛庄驿,出三河堡(今马圈子),过三岔河北上广宁(今北镇县城).另一条为辽南驿路。

窥行广州

广州，一直被外来人奉为“扭钱”的天堂，也一直是外来者的寻梦之地。“生活在别处”，我们总期望另一种经验外的生活经历，当真的生活在别处时，我们才恍然，羁旅在外，“锦城虽云乐，不如早还乡”。

Optimizing bus services with variable directional and temporal demand using genetic algorithm

As a major mode choice of commuters for daily travel, bus transit plays an important role in many urban and metropolitan areas. This work proposes a mathematical model to optimize bus service by minimizing total cost and considering a temporally and directionally variable demand. An integrated bus service, consisting of all-stop and stop-skipping services is proposed and optimized subject to directional frequency conservation, capacity and operable fleet size constraints. Since the research problem is a combinatorial optimization problem, a genetic algorithm is developed to search for the optimal result in a large solution space. The model was successfully implemented on a bus transit route in the City of Chengdu, China, and the optimal solution was proved to be better than the original operation in terms of total cost. The sensitivity of model parameters to some key attributes/variables is analyzed and discussed to explore further the potential of accruing additional benefits or avoiding some of the drawbacks of stop-skipping services.

Integrated reliability of travel time and capacity of urban road network under ice and snowfall conditions

In order to evaluate and integrate travel time reliability and capacity reliability of a road network subjected to ice and snowfall conditions,the conceptions of travel time reliability and capacity reliability were defined under special conditions.The link travel time model(ice and snowfall based-bureau public road,ISB-BPR) and the path choice decision model(elastic demand user equilibrium,EDUE) were proposed.The integrated reliability was defined and the model was set up.Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate the model and a numerical example was provided to demonstrate the application of the model and efficiency of the solution algorithm.The results show that the intensity of ice and snowfall,the traffic demand and supply,and the requirements for level of service(LOS) have great influence on the reliability of a road network.For example,the reliability drops from 65% to 5% when the traffic demand increases by 30%.The comprehensive performance index may be used for network planning,design and maintenance.

Joint analysis of urban shopping destination and travel mode choice accounting for potential spatial correlation between alternatives

In recent years,there have been important developments in the joint analysis of the travel behavior based on discrete choice models as well as in the formulation of increasingly flexible closed-form models belonging to the generalized extreme value class.The objective of this work is to describe the simultaneous choice of shopping destination and travel-to-shop mode in downtown area by making use of the cross-nested logit(CNL) structure that allows for potential spatial correlation.The analysis uses data collected in the downtown areas of Maryland-Washington,D.C.region for shopping trips,considering household,individual,land use,and travel-related characteristics.The estimation results show that the dissimilarity parameter in the CNL model is 0.37 and significant at the 95% level,indicating that the alternatives have high spatial correlation for the short shopping distance.The results of analysis reveal detailed significant influences on travel behavior of joint choice shopping destination and travel mode.Moreover,a Monte Carlo simulation for a group of scenarios arising from transportation policies and parking fees in downtown area,was undertaken to examine the impact of a change in car travel cost on the shopping destination and travel mode switching.These findings have important implications for transportation demand management and urban planning.

Cellular automation model for analyzing capacity of branch road section

In order to reduce the traffic pressure of urban arterial road with the rational utilization of the branch road,the vehicle meeting behavior on the branch road without divided lane was described,and the cellular automation (CA) model was put forward by introducing meeting behavior to reflect the relation between safe meeting speed and road width.The numerical simulation results depict several relation curves between road section capacity,speed and road width under different directional distributions of traffic flow,as well as the curves between the major and minor direction saturation flow,speed and road width.These relation characteristics indicate that except the one-way road section capacity and speed remaining unchanged,other road section capacities and speeds under different directional distributions increase with the increase of road width.On narrow road,the two-way traffic capacity and speed are less than those of one-way traffic;on wide road,the two-way traffic capacity doubles that of one-way traffic,but their speeds are almost the same.As the directional distribution moves to an even distribution of 50/50,the major direction saturation flows and speeds as well as the minor direction speeds tend to decease,while the minor direction saturation flow tends to increase.

Music and Performance as Sonic Acts of Political Struggle; Counter-Political Soundscapes in Urban Realm

The paper takes the relation between soundscapes and power struggles as its problem area and focuses on the role of music that is performed in public protests. It argues that music and street performances are conceived and therefore utilised as sonic acts of political struggle in urban realm. Starting with a general understanding of hearing mechanisms, the study elucidates the relationships among territoriality of soundscape, identity construction, social segregation and polarisation, and finally, power struggle. Within the framework of the intersection area of these concepts, the paper discusses the processes of politisation of soundscape through music as a form of protest event that is performed in public realm. Throughout the paper, it is focused on the significant cases of public protests as well as political events that occured in public space. The main emphasis is on the use of sound technologies to impose power on masses of people. The paper tackles the question of how the salient characteristics of soundscape are sonically adopted as means for counter-political acts in public realm.

夜行昭通城

真的，大多数事物一诞生，就僭越规律与心力。譬如此刻大团的黑暗。

Pedestrianisation and Parking Policy as a Solution towards Green Transport Plan： A Case Study of Zagreb

Strategy of development trends in this moment and at this stage of the traffic comes from understanding the possibilities of the implementation of measures to raise the quality of movement and life in the city. It also includes planning and implementation of targeted interventions in the transport network or facilities. Mobility is a complex process in the area, starting from the departure from the apartment, using various means of transportation, a number of activities in different goals until to return to the location of the apartment. It thus requires extensive transport infrastructure in the form of walkways, bicycle paths, street and railway network. At the same time, reshaping of public transport facilities is needed in which the pedestrian, biker and green concept shall be the main elements of the new spatial conditions. Pedestrian zones development in the city means to create pedestrian areas and green islands in all the places in the city where possible. This process is essential for the transformation of public spaces, in particular, transport corridors. To accomplish the concept of the green transport plan, the need for change in the parking policy is emphasized. This should be an integral part of the city planning and should go hand in hand with the traffic policy.

Estimating walking access area for rail transit station based on discrete choice model

The discrete choice model is used to estimate the walking access area of rail transit stations while considering the influence of existing competition from other traffic modes. The acceptable walking access area is determined according to the willingness of passengers to walk who prefer rail transit compared with bus and automobile. Empirical studies were conducted using the survey data of six stations from the rail transit in Nanjing, China. The results indicate that the rail transit is more preferable compared with bus and private automobile in this case when excluding the influence of individual and environmental factors. It is found that passengers tend to underestimate their willingness to walk. The acceptable walking access area of every rail transit station is different from each other. Suburban stations generally have a larger walking access area than downtown stations. In addition, a better walking environment and a scarcer surrounding traffic environment can also lead to a larger walking area. The model was confirmed to be effective and reasonable according to the model validation. This study can be of benefit to the passenger transportation demand estimation in the location planning and evaluation of rail transit stations.

Urban Fresh Water Resources Consumption of China

From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be classified as three types, namely, direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban flesh water consumption was presented based on the theory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method, which was utilized to calculate urban fresh water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change and causes. The results show that the total urban flesh water consumption increased 561.7× 10^9m^3, and the proportion to the total national flesh water resources increased by 20 percentage points from 1952 to 2005. The proportion of direct and induced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage points separately from 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points. Urban indi- rect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced water consumption had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China.

From Sequential to Parallel Growth of Cities： Theory and Evidence from Canada

This paper examines city growth patterns and the corresponding city size distribution evolution over long periods of time using a simple New Economic Geography(NEG) model and urban population data from Canada. The main findings are twofold. First, there is a transition from sequential to parallel growth of cities over long periods of time: city growth shows a sequential mode in the stage of rapid urbanization, i.e., the cities with the best development conditions will take the lead in growth, after which the cities with higher ranks will become the fastest-growing cities; in the late stage of urbanization, city growth converges according to Gibrat′s law, and exhibits a parallel growth pattern. Second, city size distribution is found to have persistent structural characteristics: the city system is self-organized into multiple discrete size groups; city growth shows club convergence characteristics, and the cities with similar development conditions eventually converge to a similar size. The results will not only enhance our understanding of urbanization process, but will also provide a timely and clear policy reference for promoting the healthy urbanization of developing countries.

三大奇观看文庙

从万荣县城南行7.5公里,便是文庙的旧址。文庙的主体建筑为大成殿,是为祭祀孔子及主要弟子修建的。历代王朝给孔子以种种封号,到元代被封为“大成至圣文宣王”,至清顺治时又封为“大成至圣先师”。在我国,一般把集中前人的主张、学术形成完整的体系称为集大成。《孟子 万章》有言“孔子谓集大成。集大成也者,金声而玉振之也。”这里的“大成殿”,就是用孟子对孔子的赞颂语作为文庙正殿殿名的。从一般意义上讲,所谓的“大成”是说孔子道德才学都取得巨大的成就。

Coordination of Urbanization and Water Ecological Environment in Shayinghe River Basin,China

During the rapid industrialization and urbanization of China,urban agglomeration in river basin areas raises the problems of over-use of water resources and pollution of the water environment.Related research in China has mainly focused on the conflicts among economic growth,urban expansion and water resource shortages within admin-istrative boundaries.However,water environments are much more dependent on their physical boundaries than their administrative boundaries.Consistent with the nature of water environment,this study aims at analyzing coordination relationships between urban development and water environment changes within physical river basin boundaries.We chose the Shayinghe River Basin,China,as our case study area which is facing serious challenges related to water en-vironment protection.Then we classified 35 county-level administrative units into upstream,midstream and down-stream regions based on their physical characteristics;analyzed the coordination degree of urban agglomeration using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method;and constructed cooperative models using the Linear Programming (LP function) to simulate four scenarios of the coordination relationship be-tween urban population increase and water environment protection based on existing water resources and water pollu-tion data.The results show that the present coordinative situation in Shayinghe River Basin is not sustainable.In gen-eral,more than 50% administrative units are in the bad coordinative situation.In particular,the downstream region is under worse condition than the upstream and midstream regions.Cooperative models in scenario analyses indicate that the population scale set in existing urban master plannings is not coordinated with the water environment protection.To reach the goal of regional sustainable development,the total population needs to be controlled such that it will re-main at 4.5×10 7 or below by 2020 given the capacity of water environment.

The Implementation of GB/T 19000 Promotes the Advancement of the Management Level of the Leather Industry

Focusing on the economic development of its leather industry,Xinji City in the center ofHebei Province adheres to the scientific concept of development,strives to explore new ideas for industrialdevelopment,and makes tireless efforts to implement the GB/T19000 Quality Managementand Quality Assurance.This deepens the standardization of the leather industry and improves thelevel of enterprise management,serving both the economy and the enterprises.