In post-reform China, local governments, instead of the central state, have become major promoters of urbanization. Differing from the existing literature based on Western theories, this article argues that a localize...In post-reform China, local governments, instead of the central state, have become major promoters of urbanization. Differing from the existing literature based on Western theories, this article argues that a localized perspective, ‘administrative urbanization', can provide a contextual explanation for the mechanism of urbanization in the reform era. The case study of Ordos indicates that new town construction, especially in the inland area, has become the main strategy for investment attraction and economic development. The local government has played a dominant role in this construction through a series of administrative measures, including avoidance of central state regulations, land leasing, high standard infrastructure construction, relocation policies and industrial attraction. This article also explores the issue of unsustainability in the new town, and identifies that underdeveloped industrialization, slow population agglomeration and real estate bubbles are primary threats to the sustainability of administrative urbanization.展开更多
China＇s economic growth miracle despite complicated administrative approval formalities prompted us to raise the following question： ls it true that reforming administrative approval will promote economic growth？ B...China＇s economic growth miracle despite complicated administrative approval formalities prompted us to raise the following question： ls it true that reforming administrative approval will promote economic growth？ Based on our analysis on market entry, we discovered that reforming administrative approval will spur economic growth by reducing transaction cost for firms. Administrative approval may suppress social cost and propel China＇s economic growth; China＇s gradualist approval reforms may indeed propel economic growth by reducing transaction cost for firms. With the data of prefecture-level cities during 2000-2013 and data of companies listed on the SME board during 2010-2014, we tested the effects of approval reforms on economic growth and on transaction cost, and employed instrumental variable and PSM for the treatment of the endogeneity problem - all these tests led to robust and consistent results. Moreover, we discovered that difference in government policy implementation in the approval process is the root cause of corruption and rent seeking.展开更多
Political legitimacy is the question about how a regime could be stable and lasting. Max Weber, a scholar, defined legitimacy earliest and carried out a systematic study in the history. He divided the legitimate autho...Political legitimacy is the question about how a regime could be stable and lasting. Max Weber, a scholar, defined legitimacy earliest and carried out a systematic study in the history. He divided the legitimate authority into traditional authority, authority of charisma and authority of legal theory. This paper is just based upon authority rules of the three types, and discusses the organization＇s establishment, operational and managerial characteristics under the three kinds of authority. It is expected to provide references for reform of the administrative system.展开更多
Government to purchase public service is the Government＇ s administrative reform, important innovations in system, in recent years, the Government has to provide community organizations purchase basic public services...Government to purchase public service is the Government＇ s administrative reform, important innovations in system, in recent years, the Government has to provide community organizations purchase basic public services, and gradually become innovation in government provision of public services, improving public service quality, increased use of financial efficiency. This document from the Government buying the concept of public service, starting with the Carding the purchase of essential public services in practice there is a major problem, on how to move forward with the ourchase of essential nublic services, raising the effectiveness in the use of financial proposed countermeasures.展开更多
The structures of numerous industries, including the insurance industry, have been altered by the ongoing development of associated technologies. As the insurance industry undergoes this period of technology transform...The structures of numerous industries, including the insurance industry, have been altered by the ongoing development of associated technologies. As the insurance industry undergoes this period of technology transformation, it is important to recognize the key role that big data play in the industry. Most critically, the industry could not function without the utilization of big data, which explains to a large extent why every insurance company maintains its own numeric database. Relatedly, Taiwan＇s Bureau of National Health Insurance recently established the Information Integration Application Service Center, to which qualified companies and institutions can submit applications for permission to analyze the bureau＇s collected disease data according to stipulated regulations. In effect, access to the center＇s data provides insurance companies with a further means of improving their operational effectiveness through the analysis of big data, with targets for potential improvements including the various strategies utilized to react to changes in the environment, such as those involved in marketing, administrative management, and product pricing and services. The foundation of the present study consisted of a literature review and survey, with the key objective being to determine and discuss the effects of big data analysis on the medical insurance industry, including the changes that the utilization of big data results in for the customers of medical insurance companies. With the issues discussed above in mind, the survey was designed to determine whether medical insurance consumers know about and understand the effects of big data. The survey data indicated the following key findings： （1） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of population statistic wxiables; （2） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of insurance purchasing variables; and （3） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of the level of understanding regarding big data.展开更多
Since 1978, China＇s reform of real estate tax has made great strides with important milestones marked by the resumption of real estate tax collection on Chinese- funded enterprises and Chinese nationals. In the llth ...Since 1978, China＇s reform of real estate tax has made great strides with important milestones marked by the resumption of real estate tax collection on Chinese- funded enterprises and Chinese nationals. In the llth Five-Year Plan period （2006-2010）, the state administration completed the unification of tax rates for domestic and foreign- funded companies. However, the reform of real estate tax still requires many modifications during the 12th Five-Year Plan period （2011-2015）. The new plan should strive to streamline the tax system, adjust the tax base and tax rates, and delegate taxing authority.展开更多
Strategy of development trends in this moment and at this stage of the traffic comes from understanding the possibilities of the implementation of measures to raise the quality of movement and life in the city. It als...Strategy of development trends in this moment and at this stage of the traffic comes from understanding the possibilities of the implementation of measures to raise the quality of movement and life in the city. It also includes planning and implementation of targeted interventions in the transport network or facilities. Mobility is a complex process in the area, starting from the departure from the apartment, using various means of transportation, a number of activities in different goals until to return to the location of the apartment. It thus requires extensive transport infrastructure in the form of walkways, bicycle paths, street and railway network. At the same time, reshaping of public transport facilities is needed in which the pedestrian, biker and green concept shall be the main elements of the new spatial conditions. Pedestrian zones development in the city means to create pedestrian areas and green islands in all the places in the city where possible. This process is essential for the transformation of public spaces, in particular, transport corridors. To accomplish the concept of the green transport plan, the need for change in the parking policy is emphasized. This should be an integral part of the city planning and should go hand in hand with the traffic policy.展开更多
Based on historical records of extreme climate events and population densities in Gansu and Shaanxi, and information on climate change, populations, new cultivated cropland, and administrative system reform in Xinjian...Based on historical records of extreme climate events and population densities in Gansu and Shaanxi, and information on climate change, populations, new cultivated cropland, and administrative system reform in Xinjiang, this study explores the interaction between climate change, migration, and regional administrative reform in the middle Qing Dynasty. The results showed that the surge in population migration from Gansu and Shaanxi to Xinjiang during 1760–1820 was caused by extreme climate events(droughts and floods) and population pressure in Gansu and Shaanxi. During 1760–1880, the climate in Xinjiang was unusually cold and humid, which was highly conducive to abundant regional water resources. This provided favorable conditions for farmland irrigation and further promoted agricultural cultivation, population growth, and town development within this region. Additionally,the interactions between climate change and the above-mentioned social factors, which acted as driving forces, spurred the reform in the administrative system of Xinjiang whereby the military administration system was transformed to a province administration system. Through this reform, the Qing government managed to restore peace and stability in Xinjiang. This study contributes to a better understanding of climate-related population migration and enhances our knowledge of the impact-response chain between climate change, ancient social developments, and political coping strategies, especially in regional administrative reform.展开更多
As a new form of authorization with independent legal status, the authorization of experimental administrative reform falls between legislative and administrative authorization. Decisions on authorization of experimen...As a new form of authorization with independent legal status, the authorization of experimental administrative reform falls between legislative and administrative authorization. Decisions on authorization of experimental administrative reform have two aspects, viz., 'the temporary adjustment or temporary suspension of the application of certain provisions of a law' and 'authorizing a given experimenting body to implement this decision.' In essence, the former is the organic combination of two elements: suspending the implementation of a law and formulating a new experimental law;it does not belong under amendment of the law. The latter, on the other hand, is a special legislative authorization similar to administrative franchise. As a method of exercising public power, authorization for experimental administrative reform should follow the procedural requirements laid down in the Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC on Certain Major Issues concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Law-based Governance of China;further, it may not overstep the bounds of the forms of expression or substantive contents determined by the principles of the modern rule of law.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41571130,41271165,41701177)Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry(No.[2015]1098)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Collaborative Innovation Center for Geopolitical setting of Southwest China and Borderland Development(YNNU)
文摘In post-reform China, local governments, instead of the central state, have become major promoters of urbanization. Differing from the existing literature based on Western theories, this article argues that a localized perspective, ‘administrative urbanization', can provide a contextual explanation for the mechanism of urbanization in the reform era. The case study of Ordos indicates that new town construction, especially in the inland area, has become the main strategy for investment attraction and economic development. The local government has played a dominant role in this construction through a series of administrative measures, including avoidance of central state regulations, land leasing, high standard infrastructure construction, relocation policies and industrial attraction. This article also explores the issue of unsustainability in the new town, and identifies that underdeveloped industrialization, slow population agglomeration and real estate bubbles are primary threats to the sustainability of administrative urbanization.
文摘China＇s economic growth miracle despite complicated administrative approval formalities prompted us to raise the following question： ls it true that reforming administrative approval will promote economic growth？ Based on our analysis on market entry, we discovered that reforming administrative approval will spur economic growth by reducing transaction cost for firms. Administrative approval may suppress social cost and propel China＇s economic growth; China＇s gradualist approval reforms may indeed propel economic growth by reducing transaction cost for firms. With the data of prefecture-level cities during 2000-2013 and data of companies listed on the SME board during 2010-2014, we tested the effects of approval reforms on economic growth and on transaction cost, and employed instrumental variable and PSM for the treatment of the endogeneity problem - all these tests led to robust and consistent results. Moreover, we discovered that difference in government policy implementation in the approval process is the root cause of corruption and rent seeking.
文摘Political legitimacy is the question about how a regime could be stable and lasting. Max Weber, a scholar, defined legitimacy earliest and carried out a systematic study in the history. He divided the legitimate authority into traditional authority, authority of charisma and authority of legal theory. This paper is just based upon authority rules of the three types, and discusses the organization＇s establishment, operational and managerial characteristics under the three kinds of authority. It is expected to provide references for reform of the administrative system.
文摘Government to purchase public service is the Government＇ s administrative reform, important innovations in system, in recent years, the Government has to provide community organizations purchase basic public services, and gradually become innovation in government provision of public services, improving public service quality, increased use of financial efficiency. This document from the Government buying the concept of public service, starting with the Carding the purchase of essential public services in practice there is a major problem, on how to move forward with the ourchase of essential nublic services, raising the effectiveness in the use of financial proposed countermeasures.
文摘The structures of numerous industries, including the insurance industry, have been altered by the ongoing development of associated technologies. As the insurance industry undergoes this period of technology transformation, it is important to recognize the key role that big data play in the industry. Most critically, the industry could not function without the utilization of big data, which explains to a large extent why every insurance company maintains its own numeric database. Relatedly, Taiwan＇s Bureau of National Health Insurance recently established the Information Integration Application Service Center, to which qualified companies and institutions can submit applications for permission to analyze the bureau＇s collected disease data according to stipulated regulations. In effect, access to the center＇s data provides insurance companies with a further means of improving their operational effectiveness through the analysis of big data, with targets for potential improvements including the various strategies utilized to react to changes in the environment, such as those involved in marketing, administrative management, and product pricing and services. The foundation of the present study consisted of a literature review and survey, with the key objective being to determine and discuss the effects of big data analysis on the medical insurance industry, including the changes that the utilization of big data results in for the customers of medical insurance companies. With the issues discussed above in mind, the survey was designed to determine whether medical insurance consumers know about and understand the effects of big data. The survey data indicated the following key findings： （1） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of population statistic wxiables; （2） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of insurance purchasing variables; and （3） The two concepts exhibit clear differences in terms of the level of understanding regarding big data.
文摘Since 1978, China＇s reform of real estate tax has made great strides with important milestones marked by the resumption of real estate tax collection on Chinese- funded enterprises and Chinese nationals. In the llth Five-Year Plan period （2006-2010）, the state administration completed the unification of tax rates for domestic and foreign- funded companies. However, the reform of real estate tax still requires many modifications during the 12th Five-Year Plan period （2011-2015）. The new plan should strive to streamline the tax system, adjust the tax base and tax rates, and delegate taxing authority.
文摘Strategy of development trends in this moment and at this stage of the traffic comes from understanding the possibilities of the implementation of measures to raise the quality of movement and life in the city. It also includes planning and implementation of targeted interventions in the transport network or facilities. Mobility is a complex process in the area, starting from the departure from the apartment, using various means of transportation, a number of activities in different goals until to return to the location of the apartment. It thus requires extensive transport infrastructure in the form of walkways, bicycle paths, street and railway network. At the same time, reshaping of public transport facilities is needed in which the pedestrian, biker and green concept shall be the main elements of the new spatial conditions. Pedestrian zones development in the city means to create pedestrian areas and green islands in all the places in the city where possible. This process is essential for the transformation of public spaces, in particular, transport corridors. To accomplish the concept of the green transport plan, the need for change in the parking policy is emphasized. This should be an integral part of the city planning and should go hand in hand with the traffic policy.
基金supported by Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. ZDRW-ZS-2016-6)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0602704)
文摘Based on historical records of extreme climate events and population densities in Gansu and Shaanxi, and information on climate change, populations, new cultivated cropland, and administrative system reform in Xinjiang, this study explores the interaction between climate change, migration, and regional administrative reform in the middle Qing Dynasty. The results showed that the surge in population migration from Gansu and Shaanxi to Xinjiang during 1760–1820 was caused by extreme climate events(droughts and floods) and population pressure in Gansu and Shaanxi. During 1760–1880, the climate in Xinjiang was unusually cold and humid, which was highly conducive to abundant regional water resources. This provided favorable conditions for farmland irrigation and further promoted agricultural cultivation, population growth, and town development within this region. Additionally,the interactions between climate change and the above-mentioned social factors, which acted as driving forces, spurred the reform in the administrative system of Xinjiang whereby the military administration system was transformed to a province administration system. Through this reform, the Qing government managed to restore peace and stability in Xinjiang. This study contributes to a better understanding of climate-related population migration and enhances our knowledge of the impact-response chain between climate change, ancient social developments, and political coping strategies, especially in regional administrative reform.
文摘As a new form of authorization with independent legal status, the authorization of experimental administrative reform falls between legislative and administrative authorization. Decisions on authorization of experimental administrative reform have two aspects, viz., 'the temporary adjustment or temporary suspension of the application of certain provisions of a law' and 'authorizing a given experimenting body to implement this decision.' In essence, the former is the organic combination of two elements: suspending the implementation of a law and formulating a new experimental law;it does not belong under amendment of the law. The latter, on the other hand, is a special legislative authorization similar to administrative franchise. As a method of exercising public power, authorization for experimental administrative reform should follow the procedural requirements laid down in the Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC on Certain Major Issues concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Law-based Governance of China;further, it may not overstep the bounds of the forms of expression or substantive contents determined by the principles of the modern rule of law.
