复合趋向补语的认知机制和语用条件——基于“X来”类习得偏误的分析

学习者常常混用不同的“×来”类复合趋向补语,需通过分析相关补语形式的误代情况,探讨其背后的认知动因和语用条件。研究发现,学习者对部分引申用法的认知来源了解不清,或认知理解上出现偏差,只是机械记忆释义词条。另外,语境和使用频率也会影响补语形式的选择。这给优化二语教学策略带来如下启示:渗透认知理念,抓住核心语义特征,梳理隐喻性扩展路径;了解前置述语的语义制约;注意具体语境的适配性。

Complement activation targeted inhibitor C2-FH ameliorates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice

BACKGROUND Complement activation is recognized as an important factor in the progression of liver damage caused by acetaminophen(APAP).However,the role of the complement inhibitor C2-FH in APAP-induced liver injury remains unclear.AIM To explore C2-FH in protecting against APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting complement activation.METHODS A model of APAP-induced liver injury was used to study the protective effect of C2-FH on liver injury.C2-FH was administered through intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes after APAP treatment.We detected the effects of C2-FH on liver function,inflammatory response and complement activation.Additionally,RNA-sequencing(RNA-Seq)analysis was conducted to understand the mechanism through which C2-FH provides protection against APAP-induced liver injury.RESULTS C2-FH inhibited the increase in serum alanine aminotransferase activity,aspartate aminotransferase activity and lactate dehydrogenase,and reduced liver tissue necrosis caused by APAP.Moreover,it attenuated the inflammatory response and inhibited complement activation in APAP-induced liver injury.RNA-Seq analysis provided additional explanations for the protective role of C2-FH against APAP-induced liver injury.CONCLUSION C2-FH attenuates APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting complement activation.

汉英受事补语句法分布研究

受句法时间顺序像似性原则的驱动,VO语序语言倾向不存在必须紧邻动词的受事补语,如英语,但汉语大部分受事补语则要求必须紧邻动词,解释之一是汉语动补结构发生了不同程度的语法化,解释之二是汉语句法具备较为发达的受事前置结构,这不仅实现了受事补语紧邻动词,还兼顾了汉语句法对时间顺序排布的要求。汉语不存在不能紧邻动词(即必须后置于宾语)的受事补语,这与汉语发达的受事前置结构有关,英语除传统双宾结构外,名词短语作补语不能紧邻动词,只能后置于宾语,解释之一是受跨语言NV结构述谓性的驱动,解释之二是受到句法和语义双重限制,这种双重限制也可用于解释部分汉语受事不可后置于受事补语的句法现象,解决该汉语问题的方案便是将受事前置。

基于语料库的“得”字状态补语构式习得研究

“得”字状态补语构式是汉语中独具特色的一种构式类型,此构式一直是汉语二语学习者学习中的难点。本文以全球汉语中介语语料库为基础,对汉语二语学习者“得”字状态补语构式的输出情况进行了考察和分析。研究发现构式习得难度和原型性密切相关,构式意识的建立和发展是习得过程中的关键因素。构式输出的错误类型可分为构式成分的残缺、误用和冗余等。在教学过程中着重针对这些重难点问题,采取相应的策略,可帮助学习者正确地建立“得”字状补构式的形义匹配意识,继而学会创造性地使用此种构式。

现代汉语补语位置新兴极量程度副词的演变分析——以含有“爆”“哭”的语言成分为例

新兴极量程度副词在补语位置的演变与主观性密不可分,根据主观性提升的差异可以判定补语位置的新兴极量程度副词的发展具有独立性,不同成员的出现是在体认和类比化的机制下产生,并产生了功能分化的倾向。

Complement-dependent neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury:from pathology to therapeutic implications

Spinal cord injury remains a major cause of disability in young adults,and beyond acute decompression and rehabilitation,there are no pharmacological treatments to limit the progression of injury and optimize recovery in this population.Following the thorough investigation of the complement system in triggering and propagating cerebral neuroinflammation,a similar role for complement in spinal neuroinflammation is a focus of ongoing research.In this work,we survey the current literature investigating the role of complement in spinal cord injury including the sources of complement proteins,triggers of complement activation,and role of effector functions in the pathology.We study relevant data demonstrating the different triggers of complement activation after spinal cord injury including direct binding to cellular debris,and or activation via antibody binding to damage-associated molecular patterns.Several effector functions of complement have been implicated in spinal cord injury,and we critically evaluate recent studies on the dual role of complement anaphylatoxins in spinal cord injury while emphasizing the lack of pathophysiological understanding of the role of opsonins in spinal cord injury.Following this pathophysiological review,we systematically review the different translational approaches used in preclinical models of spinal cord injury and discuss the challenges for future translation into human subjects.This review emphasizes the need for future studies to dissect the roles of different complement pathways in the pathology of spinal cord injury,to evaluate the phases of involvement of opsonins and anaphylatoxins,and to study the role of complement in white matter degeneration and regeneration using translational strategies to supplement genetic models.

补语“彻”的历时演变及发展差异

“彻”在汉语史中广泛作补语使用,现代汉语口语已较少出现。历时考察表明,“彻”多样的补语类型源自双音化作用下义位的逐渐演化和句式的衍生发展。双音化作用日益增强后,由于自身的语法功能过载、语义模糊,以及补语系统内部典型成员的抑制作用,“彻”的补语功能走向不同程度的衰落。补语“彻”衰落不平衡的本质是各义位在语义认知中的差异。

Antibodies elicited by Newcastle disease virus-vectored H7N9 avian influenza vaccine are functional in activating the complement system

H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus poses a great challenge for poultry industry.Newcastle disease virus(NDV)-vectored H7N9 avian influenza vaccines(NDV_(vec)H7N9)are effective in disease control because they are protective and allow mass administration.Of note,these vaccines elicit undetectable H7N9-specific hemagglutination-inhibition(HI)but high IgG antibodies in chickens.However,the molecular basis and protective mechanism underlying this particular antibody immunity remain unclear.Herein,immunization with an NDV_(vec)H7N9 induced low anti-H7N9 HI and virus neutralization titers but high levels of hemagglutinin(HA)-binding IgG antibodies in chickens.Three residues(S150,G151 and S152)in HA of H7N9 virus were identified as the dominant epitopes recognized by the NDV_(vec)H7N9 immune serum.Passively transferred NDV_(vec)H7N9 immune serum conferred complete protection against H7N9 virus infection in chickens.The NDV_(vec)H7N9 immune serum can mediate a potent lysis of HA-expressing and H7N9 virus-infected cells and significantly suppress H7N9 virus infectivity.These activities of the serum were significantly impaired after heat-inactivation or treatment with complement inhibitor,suggesting the engagement of the complement system.Moreover,mutations in the 150-SGS-152 sites in HA resulted in significant reductions in cell lysis and virus neutralization mediated by the NDV_(vec)H7N9 immune serum,indicating the requirement of antibody-antigen binding for complement activity.Therefore,antibodies induced by the NDV_(vec)H7N9 can activate antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis of H7N9 virus-infected cells and complement-mediated neutralization of H7N9 virus.Our findings unveiled a novel role of the complement in protection conferred by the NDV_(vec)H7N9,highlighting a potential benefit of engaging the complement system in H7N9 vaccine design.

Association of complement components with risk of colorectal cancer:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Complement components could contribute to the tumor microenvironment and the systemic immune response.Nevertheless,their role in colorectal cancer(CRC)remains a contentious subject.AIM To elucidate the relationship between complement components and CRC risk and clinical characteristics.METHODS Searches were conducted in PubMed,the Cochrane Library,and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database until June 1,2023.We included cohort studies encompassing participants aged≥18 years,investigating the association between complement components and CRC.The studies were of moderate quality or above,as determined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.The meta-analysis employed fixed-effects or random-effects models based on the I^(2)test,utilizing risk ratio(RR)and their corresponding 95%confidence interval(CI)for outcomes.Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to validate the robustness of the collective estimates and identify the source of heterogeneity.RESULTS Data from 15 studies,comprising 1631 participants that met the inclusion criteria,were included in the meta-analysis.Our findings indicated that protein levels of cluster of differentiation 46(CD46)(RR=3.66,95%CI:1.75-7.64,P<0.001),CD59(RR=2.86,95%CI:1.36-6.01,P=0.005),and component 1(C1)(RR=5.88,95%CI:1.75-19.73,P=0.004)and serum levels of C3(standardized mean difference=1.82,95%CI:0.06-3.58,P=0.040)were significantly elevated in patients with CRC compared to healthy controls.Strong expression of CD55 or CD59 was associated with a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis,whereas strong CD46 expression correlated with a higher incidence of tumor differentiation compared to low CD46 expression(P<0.05 for all).Although specific pooled results demonstrated notable heterogeneity,subgroup analyses pointed to regional differences as the primary source of inconsistency among the studies.CONCLUSION Our analysis underscores that increased levels of specific complement components are associated with a heightened risk of CRC,emphasizing the potential significance of monitoring elevated complement component levels.

Complement factor Ⅰ knockdown inhibits colon cancer development by affecting Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc signaling pathway and glycolysis

BACKGROUND Colon cancer(CC)occurrence and progression are considerably influenced by the tumor microenvironment.However,the exact underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear.AIM To investigate immune infiltration-related differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in CC and specifically explored the role and potential molecular mechanisms of complement factor I(CFI).METHODS Immune infiltration-associated DEGs were screened for CC using bioinformatics.Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to examine hub DEGs expression in the CC cell lines.Stable CFI-knockdown HT29 and HCT116 cell lines were constructed,and the diverse roles of CFI in vitro were assessed using CCK-8,5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine,wound healing,and transwell assays.Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining were employed to evaluate the influence of CFI on the tumorigenesis of CC xenograft models constructed using BALB/c male nude mice.Key proteins associated with glycolysis and the Wnt pathway were measured using western blotting.RESULTS Six key immune infiltration-related DEGs were screened,among which the expression of CFI,complement factor B,lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1,and SRY-related high-mobility-group box 4 was upregulated,whereas that of fatty acid-binding protein 1,and bone morphogenic protein-2 was downregulated.Furthermore,CFI could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for CC.Functionally,CFI silencing inhibited CC cell proliferation,migration,invasion,and tumor growth.Mechanistically,CFI knockdown downregulated the expression of key glycolysis-related proteins(glucose transporter type 1,hexokinase 2,lactate dehydrogenase A,and pyruvate kinase M2)and the Wnt pathway-related proteins(β-catenin and c-Myc).Further investigation indicated that CFI knockdown inhibited glycolysis in CC by blocking the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway.CONCLUSION The findings of the present study demonstrate that CFI plays a crucial role in CC development by influencing glycolysis and the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway,indicating that it could serve as a promising target for therapeutic intervention in CC.

Tumor-related factor complement Clq/TNF-related protein 6 affects the development of digestive system tumors through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway

In this editorial,we review the work of Razali et al published in World J Gas-troenterology,with a particular focus on the effect of rs10889677 variation in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)pathway and buparlisib on colitis-associated cancer.The role of PI3K in promoting cancer progression has been widely recognized,as it is involved in regulating the survival,differentiation,and prolif-eration of cancer cells.The complement Clq/TNF-related protein 6(CTRP6)is a newer tumor-associated factor.Recent studies have revealed the pro-tumor effect of CTRP6 in gastric cancer,hepatocellular carcinoma,colorectal cancer,and other gastrointestinal tumors through the PI3K pathway.This article attempts to reveal the mechanism through which the CTRP6 affects the development of digestive system tumors through the PI3K pathway by summarizing recent research.

Repetitive traumatic brain injury–induced complement C1–related inflammation impairs long-term hippocampal neurogenesis

Repetitive traumatic brain injury impacts adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus,leading to long-term cognitive impairment.However,the mechanism underlying this neurogenesis impairment remains unknown.In this study,we established a male mouse model of repetitive traumatic brain injury and performed long-term evaluation of neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus after repetitive traumatic brain injury.Our results showed that repetitive traumatic brain injury inhibited neural stem cell proliferation and development,delayed neuronal maturation,and reduced the complexity of neuronal dendrites and spines.Mice with repetitive traumatic brain injuryalso showed deficits in spatial memory retrieval.Moreover,following repetitive traumatic brain injury,neuroinflammation was enhanced in the neurogenesis microenvironment where C1q levels were increased,C1q binding protein levels were decreased,and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was downregulated.An inhibitor of C1 reversed the long-term impairment of neurogenesis induced by repetitive traumatic brain injury and improved neurological function.These findings suggest that repetitive traumatic brain injury–induced C1-related inflammation impairs long-term neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and contributes to spatial memory retrieval dysfunction.

忻州方言补语研究

该文以忻州方言补语为研究对象,通过田野调查法收集大量忻州方言语料,结合方言语料,以例句罗列和归纳的方式,对忻州方言的结果补语、趋向补语、可能补语、程度补语、情态补语、数量补语、时地补语的表达形式和语法意义进行全面系统地分析,得出其与汉语普通话补语中的不同之处,如趋向补语中的“开、上、下”等更多表示引申义,且复合趋向动词“起去”只在方言中使用,普通话不使用;情态补语相比普通话,中心语与补语之间通常由“得”连接等。通过比较分析,该文丰富了忻州方言的补语研究,提供大量语料实例,也为晋语语法研究提供一定的材料,具有一定价值。

在线平台Coursera对于初级口语的二语习得的启示作用——以复合趋向补语的为例

Coursera作为全球最大的在线高等教育平台,已经成为各大高校以及全球不同受教育程度学员获取优质课程资源的主要途径。提升对外汉语课程设计和教学方式将有助于全球学生学习汉语知识和了解中国文化。本文以复合趋向补语为例,从学习方案和教学逻辑等方面探讨了在此平台上设计专门课程的可行性,并提供了一些对初级口语习得有启示意义的观点。

近年来现代汉语趋向补语研究综述——基于CiteSpace的可视化分析

趋向补语形式和意义相对复杂,因此受到学者广泛关 注和研究。文章利用科学计量工具——CiteSpace,对近年来国 内现代汉语趋向补语研究进行了梳理,主要从研究基本趋势、 研究热点和研究内容三个层面进行综合分析。研究发现,近 年来现代汉语趋向补语的研究内容主要集中在趋向补语二语习 得、趋向补语教学、趋向补语句法和语义等方面。

现代汉语形容词的状语及补语功能探究——评《现代汉语形容词谓语句认知及功能研究》

现代汉语是语言学领域的核心组成部分,承载着揭示汉语言独特魅力与内在规律的重要使命,它不仅对于传承和弘扬中华优秀传统文化、推动语言文字规范化进程具有关键作用,而且在全球化背景下,对于增进国际理解与交流、提升汉语国际地位具有不可替代的价值。

浅析语义分析在对外汉语教学中的运用——以补语语义指向分析为例

补语教学是对外汉语教学中的重难点,在分级教学背景下,就补语教学方法进行探讨,将补语讲解精简化,部分补语公式化,以固定形式帮助留学生记忆补语,进而正确使用补语;同时借助图示法形象地展示补语的语义指向,具体以“动+补+宾”式中趋向补语为例分析对外汉语课堂中补语讲解方式;借助语义指向分析法辨析“动词+数量短语”中“数量短语”的结构类,为留学生有效辨别宾语和补语提供新思路。分析补语语义指向为留学生学习汉语提供有益借鉴,进一步提高汉语交际能力,促进汉语习得。

补语和Complement

本文对complement和"补语"这两个概念、它们的演变过程以及相互间的关系进行了梳理。事实证明,complement和现代汉语语法理论中的"补语"有区别,"补语"这个概念无论在现代汉语语法理论中还是在实际运用当中都相当混乱。本文建议将complement仅译为"补足语",汉语中原有的"补语"根据其句法功能分化为后置状语和次级谓语。

英藏“补语”比较及Complement一词藏译略考

在汉语基础薄弱的偏远藏族农牧区的英文教学中,进行英藏语法直接的比较,对该地区英语教学效果的提高具有积极意义。本文以英文语法教学为主体,旨在通过对英藏基础句法中"Complement"一词的直接对比和语法术语的藏译探讨,望能帮助解决农牧区藏族学生英文教学中对该语法盲点的理解困扰。

结果体与补语标记的语义分化与演变研究——以大理白语t?44、大理汉语方言及汉语史的“得”为例

为了建立多样化的演变关系,结果体和补语标记功能都可细分。结果体可分为达成、动作和状态三类。补语标记可分为描述性、致使性和能性。其中,达成结果体可发展为致使性补语标记或能性补语标记,主要体现在大理汉语方言及汉语史的“得”的演变过程中,状态结果体可发展为描述性补语标记,如大理白语的t?44、大理汉语方言及汉语史的“得”的演变过程。不同语言的语法语素在相关功能的配置上具有不均衡性,将民族语、汉语方言和汉语史研究深度结合,可以明确功能的分类,并进一步明晰功能之间的演变关系。