公路沿线植物多样性与表土特征

为指导公路建设中植物和表土资源的保护工作,以在建广东清云(清远市至云浮市)高速公路为研究对象,采用样方法调查分析了沿线典型植物群落多样性及表土养分特性。结果表明:天然林乔木层的物种丰富度高于其他类型人工林,灌木层和草本层的多样性指数、丰富度指数低于人工林,但是均匀度指数仍以天然林类型最高,且两者在物种组成上差异较大;天然林表土的有机质含量最高,其他养分含量也相对较高,其次为人工针叶林,而人工桉树林、经济林等类型表土养分指标含量普遍较低;植物多样性与部分表土养分特性之间具有显著的负相关性。研究建议,清云高速公路建设应首先对沿线天然林群落进行重点保护,通过技术和管理手段同时对建群种和表土进行保护和收集;具有生态效益的人工林是保护的主要对象,应尽可能保护植物资源并收集表土,减少环境破坏;其他类型群落的植物和表土作选择性保护和收集,降低施工环境扰动面积。

人工林建设对沙地土壤结皮发育及其表土理化特性的影响

为了了解人工林建设对土壤结皮发育和表土特征的影响,2006年在科尔沁沙地调查了不同年龄杨树林地的土壤结皮及结皮下0-5.0cm土壤的理化特性,分析研究了植被固沙区土壤结皮及其表土的发育特征。结果表明:(1)在科尔沁沙地,人工林的建设有利于流动沙地土壤结皮的形成、发育和结皮下0-5.0cm表土性状的改善;(2)随着人工林的生长发育,土壤结皮覆盖度、厚度、硬度、土壤细颗粒和有机质、养分含量均明显增加,并从物理结皮逐步演变成地衣结皮和苔癣结皮;(3)随着人工林的生长发育,结皮下0-2.5cm和2.5-5.0cm表土的细颗粒、有机质和养分含量大幅增加,但其含量随着表土深度增加而下降;(4)人工植被建设对沙地土壤结皮形成发育和下层表土成土过程的作用机制,一方面源于人工植被具有降风滞尘,维护沙面稳定,增加地表粘粉粒含量的作用;另一方面源于凋落物的生产与沉降,以及对局部水热环境的改善,增加了结皮与表土的有机质和养分含量,促进了微生物和微管植物的侵入。

Heavy Metal Runoff in Relation to Soil Characteristics

Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg runoff from yellow limestone soil and purple soils and the relationships between the mobility of the heavy metals and the soil characteristics were studied in laboratory using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble Zn in surface runoff were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of <0.002 mm particles and CEC of the soils, indicating that Zn was mostly adsorbed by clays in the soils. The contents of Cu and Hg in surface runoff were positively related to their contents in the soils. The amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg removed by surface runoff were influenced by the amounts of soil and water losses and their contents in the soils, and were closely related to the contents of soil particles 1-0.02 mm in size.

Characteristics of Sand Dune Pattern and Fluvial-aeolian Interaction in Horqin Sandy Land, Northeast Plain of China

The interaction between fluvial and aeolian processes can significantly change surface morphology of the Earth. Taking the Horqin Sandy Land as the research area and using Landsat series satellite remote sensing images, this study utilizes geomorphology and landscape ecology to monitor and analyze the aeolian geomorphology characteristics of the Horqin Sandy Land. Results show that the sand dunes of the Horqin Sandy Land are mainly distributed on alluvial plains along the banks of the mainstream and tributaries of the Western Liao River, and the sand dune types tend to simplify from west to east and from south to north. The aeolian geomorphology coverage tend to be decreasing in the past 40 years, with an average annual change rate of 0.31%. While the area of traveling dunes decreased, the area of fixed and semi-fixed dunes increased. The fractal dimensions of various types of sand dune have all remained relatively constant between 1.07 and 1.10, suggesting that they are experiencing a relatively stable evolutionary process. There is a complex interaction between fluvial and aeolian processes of the Horqin Sandy Land, which plays a central role in surface landscape molding. Sand dunes on both sides of different rivers on the Horqin Sandy Land present certain regularity and different characteristics in terms of morphology, developmental scale, and spatial pattern. There are six fluvial-aeolian interaction modes in this area: supply of sand sources by rivers for sand dune development, complete obstruction of dune migration by rivers, partial obstruction of dune migration by rivers, influence of river valleys on dune developmental types on both sides, influence of river valleys on dune developmental scale on both sides, and river diversion due to obstruction and forcing by sand dunes. This study deepens our understanding of the surface process mechanism of the interaction between fluvial and aeolian processes in semi-arid regions, and provides a basis for researches on regional landscape responses in the context of global environmental change.

Morphological Characteristics and Environmental Implications of Phytoliths in Topsoils from Different Vegetation Zones on Northern Slope of Changbai Mountains,China

The Changbai Mountains,located in the temperate monsoon climate zone of East Asia,is an ideal loca-tion for the research on timberline response to global changes.In this study,the topsoils were collected from different vertical vegetation zones on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountains,Northeast China in August 2009,and phytoliths in the soil samples were extracted by using wet oxidation method and identified with Motic 2.0 microscope in laboratory.The results show that phytoliths are abundant in the topsoils of the study area.The herbal phytoliths are primarily composed of elongated,tooth-shaped,point-shaped and hat-shaped phytoliths,as well as a small amount of fan-shaped and square-shaped ones.The elongated,tooth-shaped,point-shaped and hat-shaped phytoliths are representative of cold climate,while fan-shaped and square-shaped ones are representative of warm and humid climate.In the conifer broadleaved mixed forest zone,coniferous forest zone and broadleaf forest zone,there are close correlations between vegetation and woody phytoliths in the topsoils,indicating that the woody plants of a region can be reconstructed from the woody phytolith assemblages in the topsoils.Meanwhile,the topsoil phytolith assemblages can also be used to reconstruct the understory herbs effectively.The phytolith assemblages in the topsoils of the forest community and herbal community differ significantly,which can help indicate the historical location of the timberline.

Characteristics of Water Infiltration in Layered Water-Repellent Soils

Water-repellent(WR) soil greatly influences infiltration behavior. This research determined the impacts of WR levels of silt loam soil layer during infiltration. Three column scenarios were utilized, including homogeneous wettable silt loam or sand, silt loam over sand(silt loam/sand), and sand over silt loam(sand/silt loam). A 5-cm thick silt loam soil layer was placed either at the soil surface or 5 cm below the soil surface. The silt loam soil used had been treated to produce different WR levels, wettable, slightly WR, strongly WR, and severely WR. As the WR level increased from wettable to severely WR, the cumulative infiltration decreased. Traditional wetting front-related equations did not adequately describe the infiltration rate and time relationships for layered WR soils. The Kostiakov equation provided a good fit for the first infiltration stage. Average infiltration rates for wettable, slightly WR, strongly WR, and severely WR during the 2 nd infiltration stage were 0.126, 0.021, 0.002, and 0.001 mm min^(-1) for the silt loam/sand scenario,respectively, and 0.112, 0.003, 0.002, and 0.000 5 mm min^(-1) for the sand/silt loam scenario, respectively. Pseudo-saturation phenomena occurred when visually examining the wetting fronts and from the apparent changes in water content(?θ_(AP)) at the slightly WR,strongly WR, and severely WR levels for the silt loam/sand scenario. Much larger ?θAPvalues indicated the possible existence of finger flow. Delayed water penetration into the surface soil for the strongly WR level in the silt loam/sand scenario suggested negative water heads with infiltration times longer than 10 min. The silt loam/sand soil layers produced sharp transition zones of water content. The WR level of the silt loam soil layer had greater effects on infiltration than the layer position in the column.