概称句如鸟会飞(对象句)有逻辑乖讹,并由鸟会飞,但企鹅不会飞(参照句)明示,引发反例难题。传统解题坚持容错说,但本文认为容错受单一层级语法观念(SCH)调控,是以组合视角割绝句法分析的外部机制。本文转而采取认知语法(CG)的多重结构层...概称句如鸟会飞(对象句)有逻辑乖讹,并由鸟会飞,但企鹅不会飞(参照句)明示,引发反例难题。传统解题坚持容错说,但本文认为容错受单一层级语法观念(SCH)调控,是以组合视角割绝句法分析的外部机制。本文转而采取认知语法(CG)的多重结构层级(MSH)观念,以整合视角分析概称句:着眼对象句的关联,考察成分结构的概念重叠;观照参照句的范畴化关系,以“基线/阐释”组织(Baseline/Elaboration organization)聚焦其主次时窗的阐释关系。研究发现:对象句中鸟无需深入实例而仅侧显虚拟类别即可与飞实现概念整合,容错不及启动;参照句中鸟和企鹅构成的类例转喻为基线/阐释链提供动力以实现概念整合,容错不能启动;两类句式均不支持容错,还同时反证了容错的黑箱本质。本文进一步指出概称句是实施共性比较以实现整体编码的语言平台,在“大同小异”(MSMD)的折中算法允准下,共性比较才能无视差异,将区别的个体一并抽象为连贯的整体,并最终促动概称句的生成。Generic sentences such as 鸟会飞 (the research target sentence) contains logical contradiction, which is made explicit by 鸟会飞,但企鹅不会飞 (the reference sentence), resulting in the so-called Counterexample Problem. The traditional problem-solving ideas put forward a series of fault-tolerance mechanisms. This paper holds that these mechanisms, which reveal a componential perspective and are essentially regulated by a single-constituency-hierarchy (SCH) grammar, are external mechanisms that cut off syntactic analysis. This paper turns to an integration perspective, and adopts the multifaceted-structure-hierarchy (MSH) of Cognitive Grammar (CG) and carry out analysis of those two types of sentences: for the research target sentence, the focus is on the correspondence of component structures that is responsible for their conceptual overlap;for the reference sentence, its categorization and elaboration process is spotted, and lights are shed on the correspondence between attention windows within a “baseline/elaboration” (B/E) organization. The study finds that: in the research target sentence, the conceptual integration of 鸟 and 飞 can be realized only by accessing a virtual type without activating actual instances, in which case fault-tolerance is redundant;in the reference sentence, the Type-Instance Metonymy contributed by 鸟 and 企鹅 provides motivation for the elaboration and realizes conceptual integration, in which case fault-tolerance is prohibited;the analysis indicates that fault-tolerance is also a black-box interpretation. This paper further points out that generic sentences are the language platforms to implement sameness comparisons and wholistic encodings;with the permission of the compromising algorithm of Maximizing Similarities and Minimizing Differences (MSMD), sameness comparisons bypass differences and abstract discrepant individuals into coherent wholes, and ultimately prompt generic sentences.展开更多
文摘概称句如鸟会飞(对象句)有逻辑乖讹,并由鸟会飞,但企鹅不会飞(参照句)明示,引发反例难题。传统解题坚持容错说,但本文认为容错受单一层级语法观念(SCH)调控,是以组合视角割绝句法分析的外部机制。本文转而采取认知语法(CG)的多重结构层级(MSH)观念,以整合视角分析概称句:着眼对象句的关联,考察成分结构的概念重叠;观照参照句的范畴化关系,以“基线/阐释”组织(Baseline/Elaboration organization)聚焦其主次时窗的阐释关系。研究发现:对象句中鸟无需深入实例而仅侧显虚拟类别即可与飞实现概念整合,容错不及启动;参照句中鸟和企鹅构成的类例转喻为基线/阐释链提供动力以实现概念整合,容错不能启动;两类句式均不支持容错,还同时反证了容错的黑箱本质。本文进一步指出概称句是实施共性比较以实现整体编码的语言平台,在“大同小异”(MSMD)的折中算法允准下,共性比较才能无视差异,将区别的个体一并抽象为连贯的整体,并最终促动概称句的生成。Generic sentences such as 鸟会飞 (the research target sentence) contains logical contradiction, which is made explicit by 鸟会飞,但企鹅不会飞 (the reference sentence), resulting in the so-called Counterexample Problem. The traditional problem-solving ideas put forward a series of fault-tolerance mechanisms. This paper holds that these mechanisms, which reveal a componential perspective and are essentially regulated by a single-constituency-hierarchy (SCH) grammar, are external mechanisms that cut off syntactic analysis. This paper turns to an integration perspective, and adopts the multifaceted-structure-hierarchy (MSH) of Cognitive Grammar (CG) and carry out analysis of those two types of sentences: for the research target sentence, the focus is on the correspondence of component structures that is responsible for their conceptual overlap;for the reference sentence, its categorization and elaboration process is spotted, and lights are shed on the correspondence between attention windows within a “baseline/elaboration” (B/E) organization. The study finds that: in the research target sentence, the conceptual integration of 鸟 and 飞 can be realized only by accessing a virtual type without activating actual instances, in which case fault-tolerance is redundant;in the reference sentence, the Type-Instance Metonymy contributed by 鸟 and 企鹅 provides motivation for the elaboration and realizes conceptual integration, in which case fault-tolerance is prohibited;the analysis indicates that fault-tolerance is also a black-box interpretation. This paper further points out that generic sentences are the language platforms to implement sameness comparisons and wholistic encodings;with the permission of the compromising algorithm of Maximizing Similarities and Minimizing Differences (MSMD), sameness comparisons bypass differences and abstract discrepant individuals into coherent wholes, and ultimately prompt generic sentences.
