The suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells （Tregs） has been extensively studied and is well established for many diseases.The expansion,accumulation,and activation of Tregs in viral infections are of major inter...The suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells （Tregs） has been extensively studied and is well established for many diseases.The expansion,accumulation,and activation of Tregs in viral infections are of major interest in order to find ways to alter Treg functions for therapeutic benefit.Tregs are able to dampen effector T cell responses to viral infections and thereby contribute to the establishment of a chronic infection.In the Friend retrovirus （FV） mouse model,Tregs are known to expand in all infected organs.To better understand the characteristics of these Treg populations,their phenotype was analyzed in detail.During acute FV-infection,Tregs became activated in the spleen and bone marrow,as indicated by various T cell activation markers,such as CD43 and CD103.Interestingly,Tregs in the bone marrow,which contains the highest viral loads during acute infection,displayed greater levels of activation than Tregs from the spleen.Treg expansion was driven by proliferation but no FV-specific Tregs could be detected.Activated Tregs in FV-infection did not produce Granzyme B （GzmB） or tumor necrosis factor α （TNFα）,which are thought to be a potential mechanism for their suppressive activity.Furthermore,Tregs expressed inhibitory markers,such as TIM3,PD-1 and PD-L1.Blocking TIM3 and PD-L1 with antibodies during chronic FV-infection increased the numbers of activated Tregs.These data may have important implications for the understanding of Treg functions during chronic viral infections.展开更多
The article epitomises its foundations by providing definitional and explanative dichotomy among the State, Nation, and Nation State. It affords a depiction of the centrality of the mind, the interface of the body and...The article epitomises its foundations by providing definitional and explanative dichotomy among the State, Nation, and Nation State. It affords a depiction of the centrality of the mind, the interface of the body and mind in behavioural manifestations. It furthermore acknowledges that nothing occurs in a vacuum but in the context of the fullness of the mind. The visible manifestations of human behaviour are contended to be informed by the noiselessness invisible aspects of the mind. The same noiseless mind that informs the behavioural visibility that becomes somewhat active and busier in its conspicuousness. The dual existence of things and events in a revolutionary context that transcends to other behavioural undertones is discoursed. In the context application of the revolutionary mapping, the mind is presented as a culprit revolutionarist that wages revolutions without fear of external threats through arrests, danger, pain, terror, dread, apprehension, detentions, and any other similar means including death. The article settles that the mind is the determinant factor of human behaviours and it therefore defines the state of the State in any revolutionary circumstance. It denotes a functional separatism of the mind from the brain which is an organ of the body thereby equally accepting that the brain functionalises the mind. The equal essential role of the mind in post revolution construction to establish and promote an acceptable system of government that responds to socio-economic factors is detailed herein the manuscript. A deliberate attempt is made not to be suggestive and prescriptive on the shape and form of such a post revolution system of government.展开更多
基金supported by the German Research Association(DFG)Transregio 60 project B4 and DI1914/1-1(www.dfg.de)part of the GK1045 funding provided by the DFG
文摘The suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells （Tregs） has been extensively studied and is well established for many diseases.The expansion,accumulation,and activation of Tregs in viral infections are of major interest in order to find ways to alter Treg functions for therapeutic benefit.Tregs are able to dampen effector T cell responses to viral infections and thereby contribute to the establishment of a chronic infection.In the Friend retrovirus （FV） mouse model,Tregs are known to expand in all infected organs.To better understand the characteristics of these Treg populations,their phenotype was analyzed in detail.During acute FV-infection,Tregs became activated in the spleen and bone marrow,as indicated by various T cell activation markers,such as CD43 and CD103.Interestingly,Tregs in the bone marrow,which contains the highest viral loads during acute infection,displayed greater levels of activation than Tregs from the spleen.Treg expansion was driven by proliferation but no FV-specific Tregs could be detected.Activated Tregs in FV-infection did not produce Granzyme B （GzmB） or tumor necrosis factor α （TNFα）,which are thought to be a potential mechanism for their suppressive activity.Furthermore,Tregs expressed inhibitory markers,such as TIM3,PD-1 and PD-L1.Blocking TIM3 and PD-L1 with antibodies during chronic FV-infection increased the numbers of activated Tregs.These data may have important implications for the understanding of Treg functions during chronic viral infections.
文摘The article epitomises its foundations by providing definitional and explanative dichotomy among the State, Nation, and Nation State. It affords a depiction of the centrality of the mind, the interface of the body and mind in behavioural manifestations. It furthermore acknowledges that nothing occurs in a vacuum but in the context of the fullness of the mind. The visible manifestations of human behaviour are contended to be informed by the noiselessness invisible aspects of the mind. The same noiseless mind that informs the behavioural visibility that becomes somewhat active and busier in its conspicuousness. The dual existence of things and events in a revolutionary context that transcends to other behavioural undertones is discoursed. In the context application of the revolutionary mapping, the mind is presented as a culprit revolutionarist that wages revolutions without fear of external threats through arrests, danger, pain, terror, dread, apprehension, detentions, and any other similar means including death. The article settles that the mind is the determinant factor of human behaviours and it therefore defines the state of the State in any revolutionary circumstance. It denotes a functional separatism of the mind from the brain which is an organ of the body thereby equally accepting that the brain functionalises the mind. The equal essential role of the mind in post revolution construction to establish and promote an acceptable system of government that responds to socio-economic factors is detailed herein the manuscript. A deliberate attempt is made not to be suggestive and prescriptive on the shape and form of such a post revolution system of government.
