青杨脊虎天牛触角表皮孔的超微结构及其分布

利用扫描电镜观察了青杨脊虎天牛(Xylotrechus rusticus)触角上各类表皮孔的形态特征和分布规律,并设定样方计算了取样区域内的表皮孔密度。结果表明:在青杨脊虎天牛触角上共有3种表皮孔;除雌虫触角背面外,在触角各鞭亚节中部的表皮孔数量均显著多于端部凹窝内的数量,但在各鞭亚节的分布无明显规律。

Leaf epidermal characters of Lonicera japonica and Lonicera confuse and their ecology adaptation

The leaf epidermis of Japanese honeysuckle （Lonicera japonica Thunb.） and Wild Honeysuckle （Lonicera confusa） in the genus of Flos Lonicerae were mainly observed by scanning electron microscopes （SEM） to study the characteristics of stomata, trichomes and dermal cell, etc.. The results showed that stoma exists only on the lower epidermis and its distribution is irregular, and leaf epidermis consist of epidermis cells, stoma complexes and bushy trichomes including glandular hair and non-glandular hair. On the upper epidermis, anticlinal wall caves in sinuous groove to countercheck the transpiration. Evidences from leaf morphological structures serve as another proof on drought-resistant mechanisms. Some strumaes distributing regularly are hypothesized as oxalic calcium on the lower epidermis under laser scanning confocal microscopy （LSCM） with Fluo-3/AM, which can increase their endurance to drought stress. Therefore, the above characteristics of Flos Lonicerae can reduce the loss of water and make Japanese honeysuckle and Wild Honeysuckle adapt to the droughty environment at Karst area in southwest China. However, there is some difference of the two species. From the SEM （Scanning Electron Microscopy） result, it is shown that on the upper epidermis, some glandular hair regularly present along the midrib of Japanese honeysuckle, but Wild Honeysuckle has no glandular hair on the upper epidermis, which can verify the relationships of Flos Lonicerae species and provide the significance for classification of Flos Lonicerae.

Leaf Epidermal Feature in Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with Reference to Its Systematic Significance

For finding valuable systematic characters, leaf epidermis of 77 taxa, representing 12 sections of the genus Clematis and three related genera in the Ranunculaceae, were examined mainly by means of light microscopy (LM), and partially by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that the leaf epidermal cells were usually irregular or polygonal in shape. The patterns of anticlinal walls were straight, arched or undulate. The stomatal apparatus is anomocytic and exists in abaxial epidermis of all species, and in the adaxial epidermis of some species. Under SEM observation, the leaf epidermis was often striated, seldom nearly smooth, and often with flakes attached. Evidence from leaf epidermis serves as a criterion for distinguishing the subsections in sect. Meclatis (Spach) Tamura and in sect. Fruticella Tamura. The results also support that there are several separate evolutionary processes in the genus Clematis .

Existence of Extracellular Calmodulin in the Lower Epidermis of the Leaves of Vicia faba and Its Role in Regulating Stomatal Movements

As a possible peptide primary messenger, extracellular calmodulin (CaM) may regulate processes such as cell proliferation, pollen germination and expression of some genes. Stomata open or close quickly in response to environmental stimuli. CaM was found to be extracellular both in guard cells of broad bean leaves and in epidermal cells by immuno-electron microscopy and immuno-fluorescence microscopy techniques. Exogenous purified CaM enhanced stomatal closure and inhibited stomatal opening with an optimal concentration of 10(-8) mol/L; CaM antagonist W7-agarose and anti-CaM serum, which were membrane-impermeable macromolecules, inhibited stomatal closure and promoted stomatal opening. All these data showed that endogenous extracellular CaM. of guard cells did promote stomatal closure and inhibit stomatal opening, and could he active only outside the cells. Therefore under natural conditions, the endogenous extracellular CaM of guard cells might regulate stomatal movements as a primary messenger together with other signal molecules, and might be an important linkage between environmental stimuli and cell responses.

Significance of the leaf epidermis fingerprint for taxonomy of Genus Rhododendron

Leaf epidermal fingerprints of six species of Rhododendron （ Rh. Aureaum, Rh. dauricum, Rh. micranthum, Rh. Mucronulatum, Rh. Redowskianum, Rh. schlippenbachii） were observed by optical microscope with nail polish expression method in Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology of Ministry Education China in Northeast Forestry University in 2004. The leaf morphological features including of stomata types, characters of guard cells, subsidiary cells in lower epidermis were observed. And ordinary cells （in shape and anticlinal walls feature） as well as the trichomes in both sides of the leaves are described in detail. The results showed that there were three types of stoma in six investigated Rhododendron species, from which Pericytic stomata type exists in three species （Rh. dauricum, Rh. micranthum, and Rh. mucronulatum）, Anomocytic stomatal type in Rh. Redowskianum, Diacytic stomata type in Rh. aureaum and Rh. schlippenbachii. The subsidiary cells of the Pericytic and Diacytic stomata type are different in shape and surface feature between the species, respectively. The ordinary epidermal cells show a variety from quadrangular to hexagonal, polygonal or irregular in surface view, the anticlinal walls are straight or sinuose. Trichomes （gland scales） are present in the both of the leaf sides in three species （Rh. dauricum, Rh. micranthum, and Rh. mucronulatum）. All of these detail leaf features show specific specificity of leave finger print for 6 rhododendrons.

Transdermal Drug Delivery by Electroporation： The Effects of Surfactants on Pathway Lifetime and Drug Transport

Electroporation creates aqueous pathways by short high-voltage pulses resulting in a transient perme- abilization of stratum corneum and an increase in the transdermal delivery rate.However the aqueous pathways will reseal after pulsing,which leads to the rapid drop of transdermal flux.In the present study,the surfactants were added to the donor solution to hinder the shrinkage and resealing of the electropore,and to prolong the lifetime of the aqueous pathways with the consideration that the surfactants could reduce the surface energy of the electropore. These effects of surfactants were demonstrated by the dynamic electrical resistance of the skin and the fluorescent imaging of the local transport regions.Piroxicam(PIX)was transported percutaneously in the presence of surfac- tants in vitro.Owing to the longer lifetime of aqueous pathways,together with the promotion of PIX availability at the barrier exterior and the improvement in the partition of PIX into the aqueous pathways,the presence of surfac- tants led to a remarkable increase in the transdermal delivery rate during electroporation and a significant growth of the accumulative transdermal amount of PIX.

Relation between eardrum flap area and healing outcome of traumatic eardrum perforation

Objective： To retrospectively study the clinical effects of eardrum flap area on the healing outcome following traumatic perforation.Methods： Totally 291 traumatic eardrum perforations with in-/everted edges were included in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups and received conservative treatment, epidermal growth factor （EGF） via Gelfoam patching, or edge-approximation plus Gelfoam patching respectively. Patients in each group were further divided into two subgroups according to the eardrum flap area ≤ 1/2 or 〉1/2 of the perforation size. The healing rate and mean closure time after tympanic membrane perforation were evaluated at three months.Results： Of the total 291 participants, 281 were included in the final statistical analysis. The area of curled edge did not affect the healing outcome significantly in any groups （P〉0.05）. The healing rate varied slightly： 90.7% vs 92.3% in spontaneous healing group, 98.2% vs 97.4% in EGF via Gelfoam patching group, and 96.5% vs 100% in edge-approximation plus Gelfoam patching group. In addition, in all groups the area of curled edge did not affect the mean closure time significantly （P〉0.05）. The closure time was （32.3±2.4） d vs （30.6±3.1） d in sponaneous healing group, （13.4±2.5） d vs （13.1± 1.9） d in EGF via Gelfoam patching group, and （11.9±3.1） d vs （12.2±2.1） d in edge-approximation plus Gelfoam patching group.Conclusion： The eardrum flap area of traumatic eardrum perforation does not significantly affect the clinical outcomes.