新月形沙丘迎风坡形态及沉积物对表面气流的响应

对孤立新月形沙丘迎风坡风速的野外实测和计算表明，沙丘迎风坡表面风速廓线呈非对数关系，近地面剪切风速和输沙强度由坡脚至丘顶总体呈递增趋势，但同时随断面坡度的增减而发生相应的变化；沿断面输沙率的变化导致蚀积强度的改变，表现为沙丘迎风坡坡度变缓的部位沉积大于侵蚀，其它部位侵蚀大于沉积，其中丘顶输沙率和侵蚀强度最大。在沙丘形态上，表现为坡度减缓的部位沉积变凸、其它部位因侵蚀变凹以及坡脚和丘顶的前移。变凸和变凹部位反过来又制约着表面剪切风速的相应变化。粒度分析也表明，沙丘迎风坡表面粒度特征主要取决于表面蚀积状况，同断面形态表现出密切的相关性。

腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘表面气流与坡面形态的关系

对腾格里沙漠东南缘格状沙丘主、副梁和新月形沙丘断面风速的野外观测结果表明，迎风坡风速放大率、背风坡气流的方向和强度随区域气流、坡面形态而不同。迎风坡风速放大率对沙丘形态的作用在于增加丘顶区域的输沙率和活动性；背风坡气流不仅影响沙丘形态而且控制沙丘动力学过程。在横向气流条件下，风速放大率使沙丘迎风坡随区域气流强度的增加变长变缓，背风坡受分离流控制使沙丘迁移；在双向－斜向气流条件下，沙丘丘顶处于侵蚀亚环境而两坡变陡变短，背风坡受附着偏向流控制使沙丘纵向延伸。

呼伦贝尔沙质草原碟形风蚀坑表面气流及其意义

呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑发育于宽单峰中能风况环境,是该区主要风沙地貌类型。对碟形坑表面气流的观测结果显示,气流进入风蚀坑后,在入风口扩散,风速开始降低至坑底达到最低;在坑后缘出风口汇集形成急流,风速剧增至坑后积沙顶部风速达到最高值。风蚀坑后缘在风沙流的磨蚀作用下后退,风蚀坑顺风向扩展,同时此处较大的剪切风速和输沙率使大量来自坑内的沙物质沉积到坑后草地上呈扇状蔓延。呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑在来自西北、西和西南方向风的交替作用下,向东南、东和东北方向扩展而生成。随着风蚀坑深度和水平尺度的增加,最终可能沿强风能方向或合成输沙方向扩展成为大型的槽形坑。

呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面气流特征

根据野外对呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面二次流的观测结果,利用相对风速(v/vR400)比较不同部位之间气流在水平方向上的变异情况。发现:槽形风蚀坑内气流结构紊乱,坑内前部位置出现风速随高度降低的现象,形成反向回流;风蚀坑内在斜向气流的情况下有螺旋环流产生,由于气流聚集,在坑后部形成的高速气流容易将大量沙物质搬运到坑后;在坑口积沙区坡脚遇阻减速后气流辐散溢出。认为槽形风蚀坑是在碟形坑的基础上,沿强风能方向延伸扩展,3个出风口最终合并而形成的大型风蚀地貌形态。

腾格里沙漠东南缘格状沙丘表面气流及其地貌学意义

对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘形态与区域气流的分析表明 ,格状沙丘发育在双向低风能环境。沙丘表面气流及沉积过程的观测结果 ,主梁长期处在横向气流环境 ,其形态主要受背风坡分离气流控制 ,并以迎风坡侵蚀、背风坡净堆积形式顺主风向迁移。副梁处在双向 -斜向气流环境 ,背风坡的附体偏向气流控制其形态和动力学过程 ,而且其强度是原始风入射角余弦的对数函数。在斜向风作用下 ,副梁迎风坡侵蚀的同时 ,背风坡中下部也发生沙粒的纵向输移且堆积于主梁背风坡 ,从而导致副梁沿年合成输沙方向延伸。由此认为 ,格状沙丘的主梁形成于主风—西北风的作用 ,而副梁是在主梁基础上并在主风和次风—东北风的交替作用下形成的 ;其形态动力学类型应属纵向沙丘置于横向沙丘之上一种复杂型沙丘。

内蒙古高原小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛沙丘:形态特征及表面气流

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛沙丘是内蒙古高原阴山北麓农牧交错带的主要风沙堆积类型。野外调查表明灌丛沙丘在该区主要分布在耕地、冲积扇下风侧和村落周围等人类活动频繁的地段。根据对耕地、冲积扇下风侧典型样地灌丛沙丘形态参数的详细测量和沙丘及丘间地气流的系统观测结果,发现灌丛沙丘覆盖度及风沙沉积量顺风向减小,近地面气流空气动力学粗糙度顺风向减小;在沙丘单体,风速廓线由迎风坡经丘顶至背风坡趋于复杂。在沙丘形态诸参数中,沙丘高度与水平尺度之间存在良好的幂函数相关,表明在目前风况和沙源环境中该区灌丛沙丘处在加积增高阶段,但其速率小于水平扩展。该区灌丛沙丘的规模主要受上风侧可供沙源有效性和灌丛生长状况的控制,灌丛沙丘的出现是该区土壤风蚀和土地退化的主要标志。

青海共和盆地不同发育阶段风蚀坑表面气流场与形态反馈研究

风蚀坑是沙质草原沙漠化的主要地貌响应和驱动,但目前我们对其形成演化的动力机制知之甚少。利用二维超声风速仪和积沙仪观测了共和盆地不同发育阶段风蚀坑表面气流和风沙流特征,研究其形态—动力反馈过程。结果表明:(1)风蚀斑与碗状坑内气流沿主风向先减速后加速,槽形坑内气流则先辐散减速—中部气流加速—积沙体迎风坡风速降低—背风坡风速有所恢复;且发育初期风蚀坑内风速与风速变异系数和风向稳定系数均呈负相关,而发育中期坑内风速与前者呈正相关,与后者呈负相关。(2)受坑体内的涡流影响,槽形坑内风速廓线不符合对数分布规律。(3)槽形坑内不同部位的输沙率随高度均呈指数式递减,但受气流—形态间的反馈作用,各部位输沙通量差异明显,坑底最低、积沙体迎风坡前端最大。风蚀坑内气流场与形态间存在反馈关系,坑体越大反馈效果越明显。

乌兰布和沙漠新月形沙丘迎风坡风速变化的初步研究

对乌兰布和沙漠新月形沙丘表面风速的野外观测结果表明，沙丘迎风坡气流加速量主要和沙丘坡面形态、迎风坡前来流风速有关，迎风坡风速放大率介于1．02～1．59之间。近地面风速和输沙强度由坡脚至丘顶总体呈递增趋势，丘顶风速和输沙率最大，到背风坡因涡流作用。风速由丘顶至坡脚减小，输沙率锐减，相对于丘顶的风速率变化在0．17～0．49之间。由于输沙率与起沙风速的立方成正比，因而风速在迎风坡上向丘顶增加时．丘顶区域的输沙率（相对于坡脚）将成倍增加。

The impact of solar activity on the 2015/16 El Ni?o event

Recent SST and atmospheric circulation anomaly data suggest that the 2015/16 El Nino event is quickly decaying. Some researchers have predicted a forthcoming La Nina event in late summer or early fall 2016. From the perspective of the modulation of tropical SST by solar activity, the authors studied the evolution of the 2015/16 El Nino event, which occurred right after the 2014 solar peak year. Based on statistical and composite analysis, a significant positive correlation was found between sunspot number index and El Ni^o Modoki index, with a lag of two years. A clear evolution of El Nino Modoki events was found within 1-3 years following each solar peak year during the past 126 years, suggesting that anomalously strong solar activity during solar peak periods favors the triggering of an El Nino Modoki event. The patterns of seasonal mean SST and wind anomalies since 2014 are more like a mixture of two types of El Nino （i.e. eastern Pacific El Nino and El Nino Modoki）, which is similar to the pattern modulated by solar activity during the years following a solar peak. Therefore, the El Nino Modoki component in the 2015/16 El Nino event may be a consequence of solar activity, which probably will not decay as quickly as the eastern Pacific El Nino component. The positive SST anomaly will probably sustain in the central equatorial Pacific （around the dateline） and the northeastern Pacific along the coast of North America, with a low-intensity level, during the second half of 2016.

Unsteady heat-moisture transfer of wet airway in deep mining

To study the mechanism of unsteady heat-moisture transfer of wet surrounding rock in deep mining, a series of experiments with different initial and boundary conditions were carried out. Test results show that rock temperature decreases quickly at the initial stage, and reduces slowly to be a constant value finally for transient heat-moisture transfer. The quasi-steady surface temperature of wet airway is lower than that of dry airway due to the moisture transfer. The diffusion radius is less than the cooling radius owing to the large diffusion resistance. The outlet airflow enthalpy of wet airway is much larger than that of dry airway. Latent heat caused by the moisture transfer plays a significant role in a deep thermal environment. For periodic heat-moisture transfer, temperature, humidity and enthalpy of outlet airflow and rock temperature also change periodically. The wave amplitude of rock temperature decreases gradually with increasing distance away from the airway surface, and the wave phase of rock temperature is also behind that of airflow. Moreover, direction of the heat-moisture transfer between airway and airflow is bidirectional, which is different from results of transient transfer.

Preliminary Study on the Dynamic Variations of the Surface Thermal Flux before and after the M_S5.7 Earthquake of 2005 in Jiujiang City,Jiangxi Province

The temporal and spatial variations of surface latent heat flux(SLHF)and diagnostic air temperature at 2m before and after the M_S5.7 earthquake occurring on November 26,2005 in the area between Ruichang City and Jiujiang City,Jiangxi Province are summarized in this paper.It is found that before the earthquake significant SLHF anomalies and air temperature anomalies occurred in the epicentral area and its vicinity.The air temperature anomalies appeared from the 2nd to the 13th of November,2005 and were concentrated at the epicentral area and in its southern part.Then two days later,that is,from the 4th to the 15th of November 2005,significant SLHF anomalies occurred in the epicentral area and to its northern area where many lakes are distributed along the active faults.During the anomalous period,the SLHF and air temperature at 2m exceeded the sum of average daily value over 26 years and 1.5 times of its mean square deviation.Both anomalies had maintained for 12 days with a peculiar distribution related to the tectonic active zone.It is considered that both of air temperature anomalies and SLHF anomalies are correlated to the movement of thermal flux from underground prior to earthquake.SLHF anomalies occurred over wide regions covered with abundant water,whereas air temperature anomalies occurred over land.

Improved Correlation for the Volume of Bubble Formed in Air-Water System

In order to address the bubble formation and movement in air-water two-phase flow,single bubble rising in stagnant water is experimentally studied by digital image processing.Bubbles are released individually from the submerged orifices with different diameters(1.81 mm,2.07 mm,2.98 mm,3.92 mm)at different detachment frequency.Images are recorded by a high-speed video camera and processed by digital image processing technique. The factors impacting the formed volume of bubble are discussed.The experimental results showed that a threshold of gas flow rate(400 mm 3 ·s- 1)divides the bubble formation into two regimes:the constant volume regime and the growing volume regime.Especially for the growing volume regime,the surface tension is taken into account.The bubble volume is consisted of two parts:the surface tension impacting part and the gas volume flow rate impacting part.An improved correlation for bubble volume prediction is developed for the two regimes and better coincidence with the experiment data than the previous models is obtained.

Effect of surfactants on hydrodynamics characteristics of bubble in shear thinning fluids at low Reynolds number

In this study,the effects of surfactants on the hydrodynamic characteristics of bubbles in shear-thinning fluids at low Reynolds number(Re<50)are investigated.The bubble terminal velocity and drag coefficient of bubble in clean and contaminated carboxymethylcellulose(CMC)solutions are obtained using a high-speed camera for examining differences.The results show that the existence of surfactant could reduce the terminal velocity of bubble at small volume(0.25wt%CMC:<100 mm3;0.50wt%CMC:<110 mm3),attributed to stiffening the bubble interface.However,this negative effect decreases and finally disappears with increasing bubble volume.The drag coefficient curves of the bubble in contaminated CMC solution exhibit behavior similar to that exhibited by a solid sphere at Re<10,indicating that internal circulation flow is absent at the bubble interface as compared to that in clean CMC solution.However,for 10<Re<40,a transition of drag curve from 24/Re to 16/Re in contaminated CMC solution is observed,which is easy at low SDS concentrations and high CMC concentrations.

Reconstructing bubble profiles from gas-liquid two-phase flow data using agglomerative hierarchical clustering method

The knowledge of bubble profiles in gas-liquid two-phase flows is crucial for analyzing the kinetic processes such as heat and mass transfer, and this knowledge is contained in field data obtained by surface-resolved computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. To obtain this information, an efficient bubble profile reconstruction method based on an improved agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The reconstruction method is featured by the implementations of a binary space division preprocessing, which aims to reduce the computational complexity, an adaptive linkage criterion, which guarantees the applicability of the AHC algorithm when dealing with datasets involving either non-uniform or distorted grids, and a stepwise execution strategy, which enables the separation of attached bubbles. To illustrate and verify this method, it was applied to dealing with 3 datasets, 2 of them with pre-specified spherical bubbles and the other obtained by a surface-resolved CFD simulation. Application results indicate that the proposed method is effective even when the data include some non-uniform and distortion.

Research and Design of Hurricane Fighting Devices

Hurricane fighting devices are recommended. The devices belong to the sphere of artificial weather conditions changes over the Earth surface. The purpose of the paper is the development of the original design of devices for hurricane fighting. The decreasing of hurricane energy takes place under the reaction of directed air current against the hurricane air current mass. The air current is created by propellers, located in cylindrical frames with nozzles at a current exit. The devices function due to horizontal hurricanes air current. The essential factor lies in absence of influence on ecology. The devices are of simple constructions, it results in simplification of their production technology and lower cost,

Simulation of liquid-gas flow in full-scale Caroussel oxidation ditch with surface aeration

A model for liquid-gas flow （MLGF）, considering the flee movement of liquid surface, was built to simulate the wastewater velocity field and gas distribution in a full-scale Caroussel oxidation ditch with surface aeration. It was calibrated and validated by field measurement data, and the calibrated parameters and sections were selected based on both model analysis and numerical computation. The simulated velocities of MLGF were compared to that of a model for wastewater-sludge flow （MWSF）. The results show that the free liquid surface considered in MLGF improves the simulated velocity results of upper layer and surface. Moreover, distribution of gas volume fraction （GVF） simulated by MLGF was compared to dissolved oxygen （DO） measured in the oxidation ditch. It is shown that DO distribution is affected by many factors besides GVF distribution.

Simulating Surface Aeration Systems at Different Scale of Mixing Time

Macro and micromixing time represent two extreme mixing time scales,which governs the whole hydrodynamics characteristics of the surface aeration systems.With the help of experimental and numerical analysis,simulation equation governing those times scale has been presented in the present work.

Vegetation Feedback at the Mid-Pliocene

A global atmospheric general circulation model and an asynchronously coupled global atmosphere-biome model are used to simulate vegetation feedback at the mid-Pliocene approximately 3.3 to 3.0 million years ago.For that period,the simulated vegetation differed from present conditions at 62％ of the global ice-free land surface.Vegetation feedback had little overall impact on the global climate of the mid-Pliocene.At the regional scale,however,the interactive vegetation led to statistically significant increases in annual temperature over Greenland,the high latitudes of North America,the mid-high latitudes of eastern Eurasia,and westem Tibet,and reductions in most of the land areas at low latitudes,owing to vegetation-induced changes in surface albedo.

Coupling methods of global climate models and regional climate models

The future climate dynamical downscaling method is that output of general circulation models( GCMs) is employed to provide initial conditions,lateral boundary conditions,sea surface temperatures,and initial land surface conditions to regional climate models( RCMs). There are two methods of downscaling: offline coupling and online coupling. The two kinds of coupling methods are described in detail by coupling the Weather Research and Forecasting model( WRF) with the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences Atmospheric General Circulation Model Version 4. 0( IAP AGCM4. 0) in the study. And the extreme precipitation event over Beijing on July 212012 is simulated by using the two coupling methods. Results show that online coupling method is of great value in improving the model simulation. Furthermore,the data exchange frequency of online coupling has some effect on simulation result.

Study of Multilayer Flow Insulation Utilizing Open-Cellular Porous Plates

To improve the performance of the single layer flow insulation system utilizing open-cellular porous plate, the multilayer porous gas enthalpy-radiation converter is proposed and investigated experimentally and theoretically. Two open-cellular porous materials with different porosity pore per inch and surface reflectivity have been examined. Each porous plate has the same thickness of a half of the single layer one. Both porous materials are not combined continuously but divided by free space. For the prediction model, two energy equations of the fluid and solid phases are employed, in which the convective heat transfer between both phases is described based on the empirical volumetric heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the radiative transfer equations are resolved by Pj approximation. When an equivalent blackbody radiation temperature of the radiation coming from the upstream region exceeds inlet gas temperature, use of a high reflective porous plate on the upstream side and a low reflective porous plate on the downstream side is quite effective to increase gas temperature drop across the converter. the multilayer porous converter should be made of pure scattering and porous layer, respectively. In order to obtain maximum gas temperature drop in that case, pure absorbing porous plate as the upstream and downstream