Surfactants and builders are the two most important ingredients in laundry, household and personal-care cleaning products. They play a key role in washing processes. The development of various surfactants （e.g., anio...Surfactants and builders are the two most important ingredients in laundry, household and personal-care cleaning products. They play a key role in washing processes. The development of various surfactants （e.g., anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and silicone surfactants） and builders （inorganic, organic and polymeric builders）used in the detergent compositions are reviewed and their detergency performance and biodegradability are discussed. In the future, the development of the surfactants and builders used in detergent compositions should be based on economic and environmental considerations. The use of the eco-friendly surfactants and builders derived from inexpensive renewable resources （e.g., alkyl polyglucosides and bio-based polyesters） in detergent compositions is the developing trends in detergent industry.展开更多
The conventional collector for diaspore mineral is oleic acid （OLA）, which is highly insoluble and must be used in high dosage in bauxite flotation. Firstly flotation experiments with every reagent （sodium oleate, ...The conventional collector for diaspore mineral is oleic acid （OLA）, which is highly insoluble and must be used in high dosage in bauxite flotation. Firstly flotation experiments with every reagent （sodium oleate, tween-20）were carried out and it was shown that sodium oleate was an effective diaspore collector, whereas nonionic surfactant tween-20 showed little collectivity. Then experiments were carried out with sodium oleate as the main collector with the addition of tween-20 to study the influences of potentiator on diaspore flotation. It could be seen from the experiments that potentiator had a marked influence on the recovery of diaspore, which was raised by more than 12 % and that addition sequence also affected the flotation behavior. It gave the best results with the reagents mixed thoroughly before added and the best ratio of collector oleic acid and potentiator tween-20 slLood at 10： 1. From the calculation of the ingredients in the sodium oleate solution, at the pH 9, sodium oleate acted with surface of the mineral with the acid-soap polymer [ HOL ~ OL- ]. Zeta potential test showed that the potentiator promoted the absorption of collector on the mineral surface, which lowered zeta potential. As could be seen from surface tension experiments, the addition of potentiator tween-20 lowered the CMC （ critical micelle concentration） value of oleic acid solution, which was equivalent to raise the power of the agents. By the adsorptive capability tests, with the addition of tween-20, the adsorption of oleic acid on diaspore got more.展开更多
The paraffin wax microemulsion was prepared from fully refined paraffin wax No.58-60 in the presence of a nonionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant.The influence of manufacturing parameters on the particle diamete...The paraffin wax microemulsion was prepared from fully refined paraffin wax No.58-60 in the presence of a nonionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant.The influence of manufacturing parameters on the particle diameter of paraffin wax microemulsion included the quantity of the emulsifier,the temperature and emulsification time,the stirring speed,the pH value and the auxiliary ingredient(cosurfactant).The test results showed that the temperature of emulsification had little effect on the particle size of paraffin wax microemulsion in a temperature range of 75-85 ℃.Other manufacturing parameters all had a great effect on the particle size of paraffin wax microemulsion.The optimum preparation conditions included:a w(emulsifier) of 6%,an emulsification temperature of 80 ℃,an emulsification time of 40 min,a pH value of about 8,and a stirring speed of 600 r/min,with n-amyl alcohol serving as the co-surfactant.Under these conditions,a translucent and baby blue paraffin wax emulsion was prepared with its particle size equating to 97 nm.展开更多
The extraction of thorium(IV) was investigated using two types of W/O microemulsion,one of which was formed by a surface-active saponified extractant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate(NaDEHP) and the other was formed...The extraction of thorium(IV) was investigated using two types of W/O microemulsion,one of which was formed by a surface-active saponified extractant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate(NaDEHP) and the other was formed by a mixture of an anionic surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate(AOT) and an extractant bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid(HDEHP) as the cosurfactant.The extraction capacities of the above two systems were higher than that of the HDEHP extraction system.High concentration of NaNO 3 showed no influence on the extraction in the NaDEHP based W/O microemulsion system,whilst reduced the extractability in the AOT-HDEHP W/O microemulsion system.The mechanism in acidic condition was demonstrated by the log-log plot method.The structure of the aggregations and the water content in the organic phase after extraction were measured by dynamic light scattering and Karl Fischer water titration,respectively.It was found that NaDEHP based W/O microemulsion broke up after extraction,while AOT-HDEHP W/O microemulsion was reserved.展开更多
文摘Surfactants and builders are the two most important ingredients in laundry, household and personal-care cleaning products. They play a key role in washing processes. The development of various surfactants （e.g., anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and silicone surfactants） and builders （inorganic, organic and polymeric builders）used in the detergent compositions are reviewed and their detergency performance and biodegradability are discussed. In the future, the development of the surfactants and builders used in detergent compositions should be based on economic and environmental considerations. The use of the eco-friendly surfactants and builders derived from inexpensive renewable resources （e.g., alkyl polyglucosides and bio-based polyesters） in detergent compositions is the developing trends in detergent industry.
基金National Key Fundamental Research and Development Program(No.2005cbc237601)
文摘The conventional collector for diaspore mineral is oleic acid （OLA）, which is highly insoluble and must be used in high dosage in bauxite flotation. Firstly flotation experiments with every reagent （sodium oleate, tween-20）were carried out and it was shown that sodium oleate was an effective diaspore collector, whereas nonionic surfactant tween-20 showed little collectivity. Then experiments were carried out with sodium oleate as the main collector with the addition of tween-20 to study the influences of potentiator on diaspore flotation. It could be seen from the experiments that potentiator had a marked influence on the recovery of diaspore, which was raised by more than 12 % and that addition sequence also affected the flotation behavior. It gave the best results with the reagents mixed thoroughly before added and the best ratio of collector oleic acid and potentiator tween-20 slLood at 10： 1. From the calculation of the ingredients in the sodium oleate solution, at the pH 9, sodium oleate acted with surface of the mineral with the acid-soap polymer [ HOL ~ OL- ]. Zeta potential test showed that the potentiator promoted the absorption of collector on the mineral surface, which lowered zeta potential. As could be seen from surface tension experiments, the addition of potentiator tween-20 lowered the CMC （ critical micelle concentration） value of oleic acid solution, which was equivalent to raise the power of the agents. By the adsorptive capability tests, with the addition of tween-20, the adsorption of oleic acid on diaspore got more.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Funds (Project No. 21076025)
文摘The paraffin wax microemulsion was prepared from fully refined paraffin wax No.58-60 in the presence of a nonionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant.The influence of manufacturing parameters on the particle diameter of paraffin wax microemulsion included the quantity of the emulsifier,the temperature and emulsification time,the stirring speed,the pH value and the auxiliary ingredient(cosurfactant).The test results showed that the temperature of emulsification had little effect on the particle size of paraffin wax microemulsion in a temperature range of 75-85 ℃.Other manufacturing parameters all had a great effect on the particle size of paraffin wax microemulsion.The optimum preparation conditions included:a w(emulsifier) of 6%,an emulsification temperature of 80 ℃,an emulsification time of 40 min,a pH value of about 8,and a stirring speed of 600 r/min,with n-amyl alcohol serving as the co-surfactant.Under these conditions,a translucent and baby blue paraffin wax emulsion was prepared with its particle size equating to 97 nm.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(20871009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘The extraction of thorium(IV) was investigated using two types of W/O microemulsion,one of which was formed by a surface-active saponified extractant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate(NaDEHP) and the other was formed by a mixture of an anionic surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate(AOT) and an extractant bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid(HDEHP) as the cosurfactant.The extraction capacities of the above two systems were higher than that of the HDEHP extraction system.High concentration of NaNO 3 showed no influence on the extraction in the NaDEHP based W/O microemulsion system,whilst reduced the extractability in the AOT-HDEHP W/O microemulsion system.The mechanism in acidic condition was demonstrated by the log-log plot method.The structure of the aggregations and the water content in the organic phase after extraction were measured by dynamic light scattering and Karl Fischer water titration,respectively.It was found that NaDEHP based W/O microemulsion broke up after extraction,while AOT-HDEHP W/O microemulsion was reserved.
