空天飞行器高超声速气动热特性计算方法

通过数值方法和基于无粘表面流线的工程快速方法,计算了空天飞行器基本型在Ma=8.0及Ma=10.2状态下的气动热特性。数值方法计算格式选用Roe的FDS格式,工程快速方法中飞行器的表面流线是通过基于直角网格的无粘Euler方程计算得到的,采用参考焓理论沿流线积分即得到沿流线的表面热流分布。结果表明,本文建立的气动热工程方法及数值方法得到的机身及机翼的热流分布与试验数据吻合较好,得到的驻点热流值与试验数据的误差小于5%。

盘条热处理工艺对钢丝显微组织和力学性能的影响

通过分析盘条的组织、拉拔后的抗拉强度、延伸率、断面收缩率,总结了不同的盘条热处理工艺对拉拔后钢丝的性能影响趋势,总结出了:1)经过875℃加热后盐浴525℃保温,钢丝的显微组织更为致密,孔洞较少,其力学性能也最优:2)相同热温度的情况下,随着保温温度的降低,索氏体团尺寸、片层间距均细化,拔制后钢丝的强度越高;3)盘条经过加热后,风机频率大于25Hz时,或盐浴480-580℃等温处理,冷拔成φ5.05的钢丝后,钢丝的抗拉强度大于要求值1870MPa。

Modeling the Hook Depth Distribution of Pelagic Longlining in the Equatorial Area of Indian Ocean

A survey was conducted in the equatorial area of Indian Ocean for a better understanding of the dynamics of hook depth distribution of pelagic longline fishery. We determined the relationship between hook depth and vertical shear of current coefficieney, wind speed, hook position code, sine of wind angle, sine of angle of attack and weight of messenger weight. We identified the hook depth models by the analysis of covariance with a general linear model. The results showed that the wind effect on the hook depth can be ignored from October to November in the survey area; the surface current effect on the hook depth can be ignored; the equato- rial undercurrent is the key factor for the hook depth in Indian Ocean; and there is a negative correlation between the hook depth and vertical shear of current and angle of attack. It was also found that the deeper the hook was set, the higher hook depth shoaling was. The proposed model improves the accuracy of the prediction of hook depth, which can be used to estimate the vertical distribution of pelagic fish in water column.

Development of a New Index for Integrating Landscape Patterns with Ecological Processes at Watershed Scale

Understanding the relationship between landscape pattems and ecological processes has been a central yet challenging research theme in landscape ecology. Over the past decades, many landscape metrics have been proposed but few directly incorporated ecological processes. In this paper, we developed a landscape index, namely, location-weighted landscape index （LWLI） to highlight the role of landscape type in ecological processes, such as nutrient losses and soil erosion. Within the framework of the Lorenz curve theory, we develop this index by integrating land- scape pattern and point-based measurements at a watershed scale. The index can be used to characterize the contribution of landscape pattern to ecological processes （e.g. nutrient losses） with respect to a specific monitoring point in a watershed. Through a case study on nutrient losses in an agricultural area in northeastern China, we found that nutrient losses tended to be higher for a watershed with a higher LWLI value, and vice versa. It implied that LWLI can be used to evaluate the potential risk of nutrient losses or soil erosion by comparing their values across watersheds. In addition, this index can be extended to characterize ecological processes, such as the effect of landscape pattern on wildlife inhabitation and urban heat island effect. Finally, we discuss several problems that should be paid attention to when applying this index to a heterogeneous landscape site.

Free Surface Flow Generated by Submerged Twin-cylinders in Forward Motion Using a Fully Nonlinear Method

The free surface flow generated by twin-cylinders in forced motion submerged beneath the free surface is studied based on the boundary element method. Two relative locations, namely, horizontal and vertical, are examined for the twin cylinders. In both cases, the twin cylinders are starting from rest and ultimately moving with the same constant speed through an accelerating process. Assuming that the fluid is inviscid and incompressible and the flow to be irrotational, the integral Laplace equation can be discretized based on the boundary element method. Fully-nonlinear boundary conditions are satisfied on the unknown free surface and the moving body surface. The free surface is traced by a Lagrangian technique. Regriding and remeshing are applied, which is crucial to quality of the numerical results. Single circular cylinder and elliptical cylinder are calculated by linear method and fully nonlinear method for accuracy checking and then fully nonlinear method is conducted on the twin cylinder cases, respectively. The generated wave elevation and the resultant force are analysed to discuss the influence of the gap between the two cylinders as well as the water depth. It is found that no matter the kind of distribution, when the moving cylinders are close to each other, they suffer hydrodynamic force with large absolute value in the direction of motion. The trend of force varying with the increase of gap can be clearly seen from numerical analysis. The vertically distributed twin cylinders seem to attract with each other while the horizontally distributed twin cylinders are opposite when they are close to each other.

Violent Transient Sloshing-Wave Interaction with a Baffle in a Three-Dimensional Numerical Tank

A finite difference model for solving Navier Stokes viscous liquid sloshing-wave interaction with baffles in a tank. equations with turbulence taken into accotmt is used to investigate The volume-of-fluid and virtual boundary force methods are employed to simulate free surface flow interaction with structures. A liquid sloshing experimental apparatus was established to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model, as well as to study nonlinear sloshing in a prismatic tank with the baffles. Damping effects of sloshing in a rectangular tank with bottom-mounted vertical baffles and vertical baffles touching the free surface are studied numerically and experimentally. Good agreement is obtained between the present numerical results and experimental data. The numerical results match well with the current experimental data for strong nonlinear sloshing with large free surface slopes. The reduction in sloshing-wave elevation and impact pressure induced by the bottom-mounted vertical baffle and the vertical baffle touching the free surface is estimated by varying the external excitation frequency and the location and height of the vertical baffle under horizontal excitation.

Developing a 2D vertical flow and sediment transport model for open channels using the Youngs-VOF method

A 2D vertical （2DV） numerical model, without o-coordinate transformation in the vertical direction, is developed for the simulation of flow and sediment transport in open channels. In the model, time-averaged Reynolds equations are closed by the k-e nonlinear turbulence model. The modified Youngs- VOF method is introduced to capture free surface dynamics, and the free surface slope is simulated using the ELVIRA method. Based on the power-law scheme, the k-e model and the suspended-load transport model are solved numerically with an implicit scheme applied in the vertical plane and an explicit scheme applied in the horizontal plane. Bedload transport is modeled using the Euler-WENO scheme, and the grid-closing skill is adopted to deal with the moving channel bed boundary. Verification of the model using laboratory data shows that the model is able to adequately simulate flow and sediment transport in open channels, and is a good starting point for the study of sediment transport dynamics in strong nonlinear flow scenarios.

飞机结冰及其影响

飞机在飞行中结冰是一个非常严重的安全问题在一定的飞行条件下,云层里含有的过冷水滴可能会落到机身前缘、机翼、尾翼和发动机装置进气道上而结冰。结冰改变表面流线外形,进而使飞机的气动性能变差,飞行时会遭遇危险,对飞机飞行性能产生极大影响。

悬坠底钓的坠形与灵敏性

一、鱼儿吞钩时各种类型铅坠的动态 鱼儿吞钩利用水的负压力使钩移向嘴内,即钩要向鱼身方向移动。众所周知:鱼儿觅食的姿态是低头翘尾或平身姿态,很少是尾朝天头触地的竖直姿态。所以水的负压力都应有水平分向力。而悬坠底钓法的铅坠在钩的上方。水的这个负压力只需通过脑线拉扯铅坠。需要多大的力才能拉动铅坠?

Convective Assembly of Linear Gold Nanoparticle Arrays at the Micron Scale for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering

A convective assembly technique at the micron scale analogous to the writing action of a ＂pipette pen＂ has been developed for the linear assembly of gold nanoparticle strips with micron scale width and millimeter scale length for surface enhanced Raman scattering （SERS）. The arrays with interparticle gaps smaller than 3 nm are hexagonally stacked in the vicinity of the pipette tip. Variable numbers of stacked layers and clean surfaces of the assembled nanoparticles are obtained by optimizing the velocity of the pipette tip. The SERS properties of tile assembled nanoparticle arrays rely on their stacking number and surface cleanliness.

Experimental study of heat-transfer coefficient of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ultra-thick hot plate during multi-stage quenching

Experiments were conducted to investigate the cooling manner of an ultra-thick hot aluminum alloy plate during multistage quenching. Cooling curves and heat flux curves of different rapid quenching flux varied from 23 to 40 L min-1 and were analyzed in detail. In this investigation, cooling process was divided into the following four steps： （Ⅰ） starting step, （Ⅱ） rapid cooling step, （Ⅲ） slow cooling step, and （Ⅳ） stopping step. Based on the curves, the calculation method for surface transfer coefficient was provided, and the effects of coefficient on surface temperature and quenching flux were discussed. Results showed that the transfer coefficient disagreed with heat flux and that it is a nonlinear function of surface temperature. The highest coefficient was observed not in the rapid cooling step with the largest heat flux but in the slow cooling step with lower heat flux. The coefficient increased with surface temperature ranging from 480 to 150℃, and a coefficient peak appeared in the temperature range of 150- 100℃. The coefficient also increased with quenching flux. Finally, a simulation was performed using the finite element method to verify the reliability of the coefficient results, which showed good agreement with the measurement values.