顾及地壳表面移动空间连续性的动态内插预报

实际上地表形变点的位移函数是一个在空间上连续的、不规则的曲面函数。现行变形监测的数据处理方法,都是根据多期重复观测平差计算各点位移量,这种方法没有顾及地表点位移在空间上连续这一事实,实际上是将这种连续曲面简化为平面了。当形变点较疏或分布不均匀时,绘制的位移等值线将有较大的任意性,与实际情况偏差更大。本文针对这点,提出了一套相应的数据处理方法。

小天体表面移动技术研究进展

基于已实施的小天体探测任务和未来小天体表面移动探测技术的发展趋势,阐述了小天体表面移动技术研究现状。根据小天体的特殊动力学环境和任务需求,总结了小天体表面移动技术的主要问题;归纳分析了包括小天体引力场建模与表面运动特性分析、小天体表面弹跳技术以及弱引力环境下的导航与制导技术在内的小天体表面移动关键技术,并介绍了这些关键技术的研究进展;对上述关键技术的未来研究热点和发展趋势进行了展望。

超疏水性表面上水滴移动的观察与解析

在微流体研究领域,为了开发低阻力的固-液界面材料,人们关注和研究水滴在超疏水性表面上的运动。在该项研究中,笔者使用超高速摄像技术观察在超疏水性表面上水滴的移动,考察材料表面与水滴的相互作用以及表面的物理和化学特性的影响。这一研究是为了实现超疏水性表面上水滴的可控运动而进行的基础研究。

液滴撞击移动及旋转表面过程研究综述

基于现有液滴撞击移动及旋转表面的研究,简要阐述液滴撞击移动表面及旋转表面的现象;将移动表面分为平移固体表面、旋转固体表面和移动液膜3种形式,从实验系统、模型建立和数值模拟3个方向对现有的液滴撞击移动表面研究进行总结.液滴撞击移动及旋转表面的研究已有一定基础,而高撞击速度、微小液滴、旋转表面等情况的研究较为空白,旋转表面波推进等理论和实验结果也缺乏数值模拟的补充.基于上述情况,提出液滴撞击移动表面及旋转表面的研究展望.

移动式钢轨焊接接头表面硬化装置及工艺的研究

介绍了所研制的移动式钢轨焊接接头表面硬化处理装置的结构、功能与使用方法.利用该装置对U71Mn和U75V钢轨焊后轨头表面硬化处理(即欠速淬火)试验.分别进行化学成分、硬度以及显微组织分析.结果表明:处理后的钢轨接头,具有较理想的显微组织和更为合适的轨顶硬度;可以成功地对钢轨焊接接头进行在线热处理,满足线路现场施工的热处理工艺要求.

基于烧蚀原理的激光抛光的数值建模与分析

采用连续激光对304不锈钢材料进行了基于烧蚀原理的激光抛光实验,得到了较好的抛光效果.耦合激光抛光中的传热和材料汽化,建立了一个二维瞬态数值模型,仿真了激光抛光中工件表面的演变,预测了激光抛光后工件的表面形貌和表面粗糙度值,仿真结果与实验结果十分接近,误差仅为8.17%.此外,利用该模型研究了激光抛光中工件表面移动速度的分布情况,确定了表面移动速度与初始表面形貌的关系:表面形貌波峰位置的表面移动速度较大,而波谷位置的表面移动速度较小,揭示了基于烧蚀原理的激光抛光降低工件表面粗糙度的机制.

空间数据插值方法的评价

应用3种不同的方法,对气温数据进行空间数据插值。应用的方法为反距离移动平均法、反距离移动表面法和普通 克里格。研究数据采用国际粮农组织(FAO)提供的全球气候数据库中1月份的平均最高气温数据。在获取插值结果之后, 用5种统计方法对插值结果进行评价和比较,结果显示运用普通克里格方法获得的插值表现较好。

气雾射流动态传热实验研究

设计搭建了气雾射流动态传热实验装置,建立了二维非稳态导热反问题模型,研究了表面温度和表面热流密度的时间分布.结果表明在冷却过程中缸体穿越喷射区与淌水区历经了几个不同的换热阶段,温度曲线出现了明显的周期性的特点,成功的模拟了连铸二冷气雾冷却周期性换热的特征.

液滴撞击移动表面动力学特性

试验观测了水滴撞击移动水平铝表面动力学行为,分析了液滴撞击移动表面铺展特征,探讨了液滴不同尾流形态的形成机理。试验研究发现,液滴撞击移动表面存在铺展及拉伸过程。表面剪切力对液滴动力学行为起决定作用,铺展阶段抑制液膜前端液指形成,拉伸阶段促进后端液指产生。表面剪切力对液滴纵向铺展因子影响较大,横向最大铺展因子随剪切韦伯数增大而减小。液滴拉伸后尾流可分为黏附沉积、液指断裂、单液指及多液指四种形态。

Directional migration behavior of cerium during sintering process of mischmetal doped cemented carbide

Three observation methods were used to investigate the existing form and the behavior of rare earth during the sintering process of high activity mischmetal （RE, with lanthanum and cerium） doped WC-8%Co-0.048%RE（mass fraction） alloy with low carbon-containing level by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDXS）, considering the fact that the addition amount of rare earth in the alloy is very minute. The directional migration process and mechanism of cerium were discussed. First, the sinter skin （surface） is observed. oxide on the sinter skin, and lanthanum in these cerium observed, and lanthanum containing phase/micro-zone in It is shown that there exists a dispersedly distributed cerium containing enrichment positions is very minute. Secondly, the polished section is the alloy is identified. Finally, based on the fact that the fracture of cemented carbide is resulted from the heterogeneous phase or other defects within the microstructure, the fracture surface is observed and cerium containing phase/micro-zone in the fracture source approximately 260 μm from the surface is identified. These combined observations reveal adequately the fact that lanthanum and cerium get separated and cerium predominantly migrates towards the surface during the sintering process.

Surface Movement Regularity of Super-Wide Mining Face With Top-Coal Caving

No.4326 super-wide panel of Wangzhuang Coal Mine ( in which the fully-mechanized top-coal caving longwall mining method was used) was monitored for dynamic characteristic of surface movement. The dynamic surface movement in and after mining was predicted by using the Mining Subsidence Prediction System. The results indicate that after mining, the surface above the super-wide panel reaches a state of full subsidence, making the No.309 national highway above the panel be located on the flat bottom of the subsidence basin so that the influence of mining activity in both sides of 4326 panel on the national highway is the smallest.

Detection of surface cutting defect on magnet using Fourier image reconstruction

A magnet is an important component of a speaker,as it makes the coil move back forth,and it is commonly used in mobile information terminals.Defects may appear on the surface of the magnet while cutting it into smaller slices,and hence,automatic detection of surface cutting defect detection becomes an important task for magnet production.In this work,an image-based detection system for magnet surface defect was constructed,a Fourier image reconstruction based on the magnet surface image processing method was proposed.The Fourier transform was used to get the spectrum image of the magnet image,and the defect was shown as a bright line in it.The Hough transform was used to detect the angle of the bright line,and this line was removed to eliminate the defect from the original gray image;then the inverse Fourier transform was applied to get the background gray image.The defect region was obtained by evaluating the gray-level differences between the original image and the background gray image.Further,the effects of several parameters in this method were studied and the optimized values were obtained.Experiment results show that the proposed method can detect surface cutting defects in a magnet automatically and efficiently.

Changes in the Covariability of Surface Air Temperature and Precipitation over East Asia Associated with Climate Shift in the Late 1970s

Variations in surface air temperature and precipitation are closely associated because of their thermodynamic relations. The climate shift in the late 1970s and associated changes in precipitation over East Asia have been well reported. However, how the covariability of surface air temperature and precipitation responds to the climate shift is not yet well understood. We used the observed mean（Tmean）, daily maximum（Tmax）, and minimum（Tmin） surface air temperatures and precipitation during the period of 1953–2000 to explore this issue. Results show that the covariability between Tmean and precipitation experienced remarkable changes over certain areas of East Asia after the climate shift with evident seasonal dependencies. In winter, after the climate shift significantly negative correlations occupied more areas over Mongolia and China. By contrast, in summer after the climate shift significantly negative correlations which existed over almost entire East Asia during the pre-shift period were mostly weakened with the exception of enhanced correlations over some small isolated areas. Changes in the covariability of Tmax and precipitation showed a similar spatial pattern to that of the Tmean, whereas the Tmin-precipitation covariability did not. In winter, after the climate shift positive correlations between Tmin and precipitation over southern China were largely weakened, while the areas with significantly negative correlations increased over Mongolia. In summer, changes in Tmin-precipitation covariability appeared to be a negative-positive-negative pattern from south to north over East Asia, with positive changes occurring in the Yangtze-Huai River valley and Korea and negative changes occurring over South China and Japan, and northern part of East Asia.

Hierarchical porous MgBO_2(OH) microspheres: Hydrothermal synthesis,thermal decomposition, and application as adsorbents for Congo red removal

A facile eco-friendly hydrothermal route （180 ℃, 12.0 h） has been developed for the first time to the uniform hierarchical porous MgBO2（OH） microspheres without the aid of any organic additive, surfactant or template, by using the abundant MgCl2·6H2O, H3BO3 and NaOH as the raw materials. The as-obtained porous microspheres exhibit a specific surface area of 94.752 mg·g-1, pore volume of 0.814 cm3.g-1, and ca. 84.0% of which have a diameter of 2.25-3.40 μm. The thermal decomposition of the porous MgBO2（OH） microspheres （650 ℃, 2.5 ℃. min-l） leads to the porous Mg2B2O5 rnicrospheres with well-retained morphology. When utilized as the adsorbents for the removal of CR from mimic waste water, the present porous MgBO2（OH） microspheres exhibit satisfactory adsorption capacity, with the maximum adsorption capacity qm of 309.1 mg-g-1, much higher than that derived from most of the referenced adsorbents. This opens a new window for the facile green hydrothermal synthesis of the hierarchical porous MgBO2（OH） microspheres, and extends the potential application of the 3D hierarchical porous metal borates as high-efficiency adsorbents for organic dyes removal.

Overlying strata movement rules and safety mining technology for the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room mining goaf

Aiming at the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room mining goaf, due to that the shallow depth seam is exploited using the longwall mining and overlain by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, many accidents are likely to occur, including roof structure instability, roof step subsidence, damages of shield supports, and the face bumps triggered by the large area roof weighting, resulting in serious threats to the safety of underground miners and equipment. This paper analyses the overlying strata movement rules for the shallow seams using the physical simulation, the 3DEC numerical simulation and the field mea- surements. The results show that, in shallow seam mining, the overburden movement forms caved zone and fractured zone, the cracks develop continuously and reach the surface with the face advancing, and the development of surface cracks generally goes through four stages. With the application of loose blast- ing of residual pillars, reasonable mining height, and roof support and management, the safe, efficient and high recovery rate mining has been achieved in the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room min ing goal.

Diffusion of an Extra Ga Atom in GaAs（001）（2×4） Rich-As Surface

The potential energy surface for the migration of an extra Ga atom on the GaAs（001） β2（2×4） surfuce was mapped out by performing calculations at the level of analytical bond-order potential. Based on this calculations, we found some lower-energy sites for the adsorption of an extra Ga atom in the surface, which were in agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, many possible pathways for an extra Ga atom diffusing in this surface were revealed. According to the relative energies of the possible pathways, the individual Ga adatoms preferably keep their diffusion in two pathways parallel to the As dimers. This result can be understood using the strain caused by the diffusing Ga atom in the pathways. In addition, the simulated kinetic processes of the extra Ga atom diffusing in different pathways at finite temperatures support the prediction from our calculated potential energy surface.

Large excavations and their effect on displacement of land boundaries

A study to estimate land surface movement caused by large surface excavations in sedimentary strata is presented.In stratified or jointed strata the stress relief driven movement adjacent to large excavations can be significantly larger than expected.High lateral stresses measured in Australia and other places around the world indicate that the ratio of horizontal to vertical stress has been particularly high at shallow depths.The in situ strata is in compression and during excavation,stress is relieved towards the opening causing strata movement.Large excavations such as,open cut mines or highway cuttings,can initiate an extensive horizontal slide of surface layers towards the excavation.These ground movements can be damaging to surface structures such as water storage dams and large buildings.Based on stress measurements at shallow depths in Australian coal mines the study presented here calculates and models the extent of potential ground movement along the bedding surface adjacent to large excavations and provides a new prediction tool of land movement at the excavation boundary that can benefit the geotechnical practitioners in the mining industry.

Numerical simulation of overburden and surface movements for Wongawilli strip pillar mining

The Wongawilli strip pillar mining technique,which combines the strip pillar mining layout and Wongawilli mining technology,is a new high efficient mining technology for mining under surface structures. The Wongawilli strip pillar mining technique was studied in this paper using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. As an example,the geological and mining conditions of a coal mine were used to design the Wongawilli strip pillar plans,including the support parameters of the entries and the mining technology. In order to control the surrounding rocks and manage the roof effectively during coal mining,the stress fields,displacement fields and plastic zones were studied by numerical simulation. The stress fields,displacement fields,and plastic zones generated by Wongawilli strip pillar mining were obtained. And the surface movement and deformation were also determined after mining was completed and its effects on surface structures were analyzed and evaluated. The results demonstrate that it is feasible to mine under surface structures with the Wongawilli strip pillar mining technique. This mining method can protect the surface structures from damages.

Developing a 2D vertical flow and sediment transport model for open channels using the Youngs-VOF method

A 2D vertical （2DV） numerical model, without o-coordinate transformation in the vertical direction, is developed for the simulation of flow and sediment transport in open channels. In the model, time-averaged Reynolds equations are closed by the k-e nonlinear turbulence model. The modified Youngs- VOF method is introduced to capture free surface dynamics, and the free surface slope is simulated using the ELVIRA method. Based on the power-law scheme, the k-e model and the suspended-load transport model are solved numerically with an implicit scheme applied in the vertical plane and an explicit scheme applied in the horizontal plane. Bedload transport is modeled using the Euler-WENO scheme, and the grid-closing skill is adopted to deal with the moving channel bed boundary. Verification of the model using laboratory data shows that the model is able to adequately simulate flow and sediment transport in open channels, and is a good starting point for the study of sediment transport dynamics in strong nonlinear flow scenarios.

Analysis of Heat Transfer of a Flat Plate Oscillating Heat Pipe, for Different Surfaces

Recent and constant demands for greater power densities and smaller sizes of electronic systems have stimulated the growth of new designs of different passive heat transfer methods such as heat pipes. Particularly, OHPs （Oscillating Heat Pipes） are relatively novel devices, capable of removing high heat rates over long and short distances with not much temperature drop. This study concentrates on the design, building and assembling a test rig in order to analyse the flow pattern ofdeionised water through a 5 turns flat plate oscillating heat pipe under different heat inputs, which was made in the school of engineering and materials science of the Queen Mary University of London by two energy M.Sc. students. The filling ratio of the water is 40%. Furthermore an experimental study on the OHP thermal performance is carried out in order to examine the effects of different surface wet conditions： super hydrophilic, hydrophilic and cleaned brass. It is demonstrated the formation of liquid slugs and vapour plugs of the water along the channels. The experimental results showed that the hydrophilic surface tends to be more energy efficient. The heat transfer performance of the super-hydrophilic and hydrophilic is higher than brass by 5-12% and 15-20% respectively.