捕食-被食动力学优化算法

为了解决复杂函数优化问题,提出了捕食-被食动力学优化算法。该算法假设在某生态系统中有捕食者和被食者两个种群。两类种群内部有竞争,种群内部密度越高竞争越激烈,种群特征更容易产生变化;强壮种群更容易在竞争中战胜弱势种群,从而使得自身特征发生较大改变。捕食者种群食用被食者种群后,其特征也发生变化。根据上述特点构造出了竞争算子、捕食-被食算子和生长算子,这些算子有利于使搜索跳出局部陷阱。本算法具有全局收敛性的特点,可求解一类极复杂优化问题。

一类捕食—被食系统的全局渐近稳定性

本文对如下形式的具分布时滞的捕食—被食系统：ｘ（ｔ）＝ｘ（ｔ）（ａ－∫０－ｒ１ｘ（ｔ＋θ）ｄμ１（θ）－∫０－ｒ２ｙ（ｔ＋θ）ｄμ２（θ）ｙ（ｔ）＝ｙ（ｔ）（－ｄ＋∫０－ｒ３ｘ（ｔ＋θ）ｄμ３（θ）－∫０－ｒ４ｙ（ｔ＋θ）ｄμ４（θ）），通过构造Ｌｉａｐｕｎｏｖ泛函，得到了该系统正平衡解全局渐近稳定的充分条件．所得结果包括了一些相关的已有结果为其特例．

捕食—被食的新模型研究

通过考虑功能反应、单种群增长、容纳函数和捕食干扰四个要素的相互影响，建立了一个关于捕食与被食关系的新的数学模型，并证明了该模型是渐近稳定的，且得到了全局稳定的条件．

一类捕食-被食时滞系统的持久性

研究了一类由两个具内部竞争的捕食种群和一个被食种群构成的且为变系数的时滞生态系统的持久性 ,利用比较定理和不等式技巧给出了该类系统持久性的判据 ,所得到判据统一了一些已有的相关结果 。

被食、自食与食人——《金锁记》中曹七巧形象浅析

张爱玲代表作《金锁记》中的曹七巧是个悲剧人物。曹七巧的一生经历了被食、自食与食人的过程,这既有外部环境原因,也有人物自身性格方面的原因。曹七巧所处的病态社会是其人性堕落的诱因,其自身情欲和钱欲的不可调和导致了人性的丧失,同时好胜猜忌的个性对人物的命运也有重要影响。曹七巧的悲剧是那个社会的悲剧,也是那个时代的悲剧。

具无穷时滞的非自治的Lotka-Vdterra捕食-被食系统的持久性和吸收性

利用微分不等式方法，讨论了一类具无穷时滞的非自治的ＬｏｔｋａＶｏｌｔｅｒｒａ 系统的持久性和吸收性问题．

被食者与捕食者的生物数学模型的奇摄动解

本文应用多尺度法研究一种生物数学模型的一阶非线性微分方程组，且构造出解的渐近展开式；并用微分不等式的技巧，证明了原问题的解的存在性，且给出解的一致有效渐近估计。

两种群捕食-被食系统收获模型及控制

利用微分包含给出了两种群捕食-被食系统收获模型的一种新的表达式,其优点是可以不考虑模型中参数的具体形式。基于生存理论,通过求解一维优化问题给出了将两种群数量控制在某范围的条件。

一类Lotka-Volterra系统的持久性

用微分不等式研究了一类Lotka Volterra系统: x1(t)=x1(t)[b1(t)-a11(t)x1(t)-a12(t)x2(t)], x2(t)=x2(t)[-b2(t)+a21(t)x1(t)- a22(t)x2(t)-a23(t)x3(t)], x3(t)=x3(t)[-b3(t)+a32(t)x2(t)-a33(t)x3(t)],并证明了在某些条件下系统是持久的.

“健忘”:赵树理小说中一个永久的话题

赵树理在部分小说中塑造了以“三仙姑”为代表的“健忘者”形象,这些人物大都有着相似的经历,即“被食”受人欺,也有着“食人”欺压人的经历。在某种程度上体现出当年鲁迅先生所批判的“国民性”中的“健忘性”。作家所塑造的形象,虽然所处的时代环境不同但却有着惊人的相似性。在压迫或者被压迫的过程中,文化是根基,如果不彻底破除传统文化中的健忘性,农村和农民的解放就不能成为真正的解放,农村和农民必将成为民族进步的阻碍。

Spatiotemporal distribution of protozooplankton and copepod nauplii in relation to the occurrence of giant jellyfish in the Yellow Sea

The occurrence of the giant jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai, has been a frequent phenomenon in the Yellow Sea. However, the relationship between the giant jellyfish and protozoa, in particular ciliates, remains largely unknown. We investigated the distribution of nanoflagellates, ciliates, Noctiluca scintillans, and copepod nauplii along the transect 33~N in the Yellow Sea in June and August, 2012, during an occurrence of the giant jellyfish, and in October of that year when the jellyfish was absent. The organisms studied were mainly concentrated in the surface waters in summer, while in autumn they were evenly distributed in the water column. Nanoflagellate, ciliate, and copepod nauplii biomasses increased from early June to August along with jellyfish growth, the first two decreased in October, while N. scintillans biomass peaked in early June to 3 571 pg C/L and decreased in August and October. In summer, ciliate biomass greatly exceeded that of copepod nauplii （4.61-15.04 ~tg C/L vs. 0.34-0.89 pg C/L）. Ciliate production was even more important than biomass, ranging from 6.59 to 34.19 ~tg C/（L.d） in summer. Our data suggest a tight and positive association among the nano-, micro-, and meso-zooplankton in the study area. Statistical analysis revealed that the abundance and total production of ciliate as well as loricate ciliate biomass were positively correlated with giant jellyfish biomass, indicating a possible predator-prey relationship between ciliates and giant jellyfish. This is in contrast to a previous study, which reported a significant reduction in ciliate standing crops due to the mass occurrence ofN. nomurai in summer. Our study indicates that, with its high biomass and, in particular, high production ciliates might support the mass occurrence of giant jellyfish.

Field and Laboratory Observations on Predation and Prey Selectivity of the Scyphomedusa Chrysaora cf.caliparea in Southeast Indian Waters

Chrysaora cf.caliparea,one of the most abundant medusae species in India,seems to be an important predator in the coastal waters of Bay of Bengal.The ability of Chrysaora cf.caliparea to feed at maximum rate in high prey concentrations implies that this jellyfish can efficiently exploit dense prey patches,at least for a short period.This study presents preliminary information regarding digestion and feeding rate upon copepods in a warm water environment.The ingestion rate of the average-sized medusae Chrysaora cf.caliparea is well balanced in nature,which in turn implies that this jellyfish is tuned for optimal utilization of available prey resources.Comparison with earlier research indicates that prey escape speed is one important factor governing which prey will be captured.A full understanding of predation mechanics awaits further investigation of both predator and prey behavior.However,because of the scarcity of long-term quantitative population data most insights have to be made indirectly.Nevertheless,low abun-dance of Chrysaora cf.caliparea in the water column during summer (May 2007) and the overall annual abundance seem not to con-siderably affect the zooplankton population,especially copepods.The present work contributes to the knowledge of prey-predator relationship of the forgotten fauna in Indian waters,which is especially crucial for understanding the process of ecological recovery of coastal water environment.

植食性昆虫的组成和波动对红树林群落演替的影响

为了解红树植物植食性昆虫在不同季节、不同潮位和不同寄主植物上的种类、密度差异和主要特点及其对红树植物树冠层所造成的影响,进而分析植食性昆虫对红树植物群落演替的影响,在山口红树林保护区设置5个断面,分别于雨季(7月)和旱季(2月),在每个断面的高潮位(H)、中潮位(M)和低潮位(L)针对不同植物抽样,统计叶片被食率,记录植食性昆虫的种类和密度。植食性昆虫共有23种,其中鳞翅目有13种,半翅目8种,鞘翅目1种,直翅目1种,真螨目1种。主要昆虫种类有海榄雌瘤斑螟(Ptyomaxia sp.)、毛颚小卷蛾(Lasiognatha cellifera)、白囊袋蛾(Chalioides kondonis)、广翅蜡蝉(Ricania sp.)、潜叶蛾(Phyllocnistis sp.)和蛎盾蚧(Lepidosaphes sp.)。雨季和旱季的密度均为广翅蜡蝉较高(7.31头·枝^-1);不同断面红树植物叶片被食率旱季为C5>C2≥C3≥C1,雨季为C5>C2≥C3≥C1>C4;不同潮位的叶片被食率旱季为中潮位≥高潮位>低潮位,雨季为中潮位>低潮位≥高潮位;不同树种的叶片被食率旱季为秋茄≥桐花树≥红海榄≥白骨壤,雨季为秋茄>桐花树>白骨壤≥红海榄≥木榄≥无瓣海桑≥海漆。红树植物叶片上的昆虫多为小型个体,植食性为主,多具有卷叶习性和粘附特征;蚂蚁、寄生蜂和捕食性蜘蛛等天敌类昆虫种类较少,昆虫密度一旦增加,较大可能会变成害虫,从而对树冠层的稳定造成较大的影响。植食性昆虫可在一定程度上推动红树林群落的演替。

Prophylactic stenting for esophageal stricture prevention after endoscopic submucosal dissection

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of superficial esophageal cancer has been increasingly used as an alternative to surgery because it is minimally invasiveand has a high rate of en bloc resection. However, a high rate of esophageal stricture is observed after ESD for large lesions, which can dramatically decrease the patient's quality of life. Stricture prevention is necessary to allow for endoscopic therapy to expand. We, herein, review the most recent evidence and discuss the role of the metallic self-expandable stent and the biodegradable stent in esophageal stricture prevention. Limited studies suggested that prophylactic stenting could reduce the stricture rate without increasing the number of complications. In addition, the number of bougie dilation procedures was significantly lower with stent placement. Esophageal stenting is a promising option for post-ESD stricture prevention. However, current evidence is too preliminary to formulate practice standards. Future studies are needed to further validate the efficacy and safety of prophylactic stenting and determine the best strategy for stricture prevention. Stent migration is the most common complication. A new stent that has advantages of a low migration rate and minimal tissue reaction will need to be developed. Therefore, randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up periods are required before prophylactic stenting could be considered a valid option to prevent post-ESD stricture.

Influence of Planting Date on the Growth and Yield of Different Maturity Group of Soybeans in the Southeastern Coastal Plains of USA

Planting date is a critical component of soybean [Glycine max （L.） Merr.] production, under dry land conditions in the Southeastern Coastal Plain. The objectives of this study were to 1. Evaluate the effect of planting date on plant leaf area index （LAI） and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） at 60 and 90 days after planting （DAP）, plant height and grain yield, and 2. Determine the optimum planting period by integrating the responses from vegetation growth to yield for soybean maturity group （MG） IV-VIII under dry land conditions in the Southeastern Coastal Plain. Planting dates were scheduled about 14-days intervals from late April to mid-July （2008） or late July （2009）. Greatest grain yield for MG IV was obtained from planting in around mid-May in both years. The yield was greater for MG V planted in May and greater for MG VI-VIII planted in late April and May, but started to decline for planting in early June. Plant LAI and NDVI at 60 DAP were affected by both planting date and precipitation, but were poorly correlated with grain yield. However, plant LAI and NDVI were well correlated with yield and were greater for May planting dates at 90 DAP. These indiccs declined for soybean planted after May. Mature plant height decreased more rapidly with delayed planting. These results indicate that plant growth and yield decreased after May planting. Optimum planting period for all MGs was early to mid-May.

Discriminative predation： Simultaneous and sequential encounter experiments

There are many situations in which the ability of animals to distinguish between two similar looking objects can have significant selective consequences. For example, the objects that require discrimination may be edible versus defended prey, predators versus non-predators, or mates of varying quality. Working from the premise that there are situations in which discrimi- nation may be more or less successful, we hypothesized that individuals find it more difficult to distinguish between stimuli when they encounter them sequentially rather than simultaneously. Our study has wide biological and psychological implications from the perspective of signal perception, signal evolution, and discrimination, and could apply to any system where individuals are making relative judgments or choices between two or more stimuli or signals. While this is a general principle that might seem intuitive, it has not been experimentally tested in this context, and is often not considered in the design of models or experiments, or in the interpretation of a wide range of studies. Our study is different from previous studies in psychology in that a） the level of similarity of stimuli are gradually varied to obtain selection gradients, and b） we discuss the implications of our study for specific areas in ecology, such as the level of perfection of mimicry in predator-prey systems. Our experiments provide evidence that it is indeed more difficult to distinguish between stimuli - and to learn to distinguish between stimuli - when they are encountered sequentially rather than simultaneously, even if the intervening time interval is short .

STABILIZATION OF A KIND OF PREY-PREDATOR MODEL WITH HOLLING FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE

The stabilization problem of a kind of prey-predator model with Holling fimctional response is investigated. By approximate linearization approach, a feedback control law stabilizing the closed- loop system is obtained. On the other hand, by exact linearization approach, a suitable change of coordinates in the state space and a feedback control law render the complex nonlinear system to be a linear controllable one such that the positive equilibrium point of the closed-loop system is globally asymptotically stable.

Optimal harvesting of a prey-predator model with variable carrying capacity

This work deals with a prey-predator model in an environment where the carrying capacities are assumed to be variable with time and one species feeds upon the other. Independent harvesting efforts are applied in either species and asymmetrical intraguild predation occurs. A common resource is consumed by two competing species and at the same time predator also consumes the prey. At first we discuss the model under constant carrying capacity and make the conclusion that no limit cycle exists in this case. Then we discuss the model without intraspecific competition. Our main concern is to cover the above mentioned two cases together, i.e. the model with variable carrying capacity and intraspecific competition. We determine the steady states and examine the dynamical behavior. We also analyze the local and global stability of the interior equilibrium by Routh-Hurwitz criterion and a suitable Lyapunov function respectively. A Hopf bifur- cation occurs with respect to a parameter which is the ratio of predator＇s and prey＇s intrinsic growth rate. The possibility of bionomic equilibrium has been considered. The optimal harvest policy is formulated and solved with Pontryagin＇s maximum principle. Some numerical simulations are given to explain most of the analytical results.

Bifurcation and spatiotemporal patterns of a density-dependent predator-prey model with Crowley-Martin functional response

In this paper, we consider a diffusive density-dependent predator-prey model with Crowley-Martin functional responses subject to Neumann boundary condition. We ana- lyze the stability of the positive equilibrium and the existence of spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous periodic solutions through the distribution of the eigenvalues. The direction and stability of Hopf bifurcation are determined by the normal form theory and the center manifold theory. Finally, numerical simulations are given to verify our theoretical analysis.

Stochastic rules for predator and prey hunting and escape behavior in a lattice-based model

Understanding of ecosystem resilience and stability requires comprehending predator- prey dynamics because ecosystems consist of dynamically interacting subsystems that include predator-prey relationships. This relationship is closely related to the hunting- escaping strategies employed by the predator and prey. Therefore, understanding the effects of hunting and escaping strategies on ecosystems will lead to a better under- standing of these systems. As an approach for describing the predator-prey interaction, lattice-based models have been adopted because this approach has strong advantages for simulating various dynamical processes of individual-individual interaction. In the models, each lattice cell is either considered as an attractive/repulsive cell, or an indi- vidual cell, or else it is empty. The attractive （or repulsive cell） can be interpreted as the prey （or predator） of the individual. These states allow us to incorporate the ecological processes of local antagonistic interactions, namely the spread of disturbances （by the predator） and regrowth or recovery （by the prey）. These processes are directly related to the strategic behavior of individuals, such as hunting and escaping. In this study, we suggest a simple and effective mapping formula as a stochastic rule to describe the hunt- ing and escaping behavior. This formula could be widely used not only in the behavior but also in competitive and cooperative relationships.