考虑气水两相流动的页岩气井压裂-生产一体化数值模拟

基于位移不连续法和离散裂缝统一管网模型,采用顺序迭代数值模拟方法,构建了考虑气水两相流动的页岩气井压裂-生产一体化数值模型。模型考虑了天然裂缝、基质物性对压裂过程的影响,且直接将压裂后地层压力及含水饱和度分布用于后续焖井、生产模拟,可以更准确地实现压裂-生产一体化模拟。模拟结果表明:储层物性参数对裂缝扩展有较大影响,合理预测压裂结束后地层压力及储层流体分布是准确预测页岩气井产气量、产液量的关键;相较于常规方法,提出的模型同时考虑压裂对基质压力及含水饱和度的影响,可以更准确地模拟产水量、产气量。将建立的模型应用于实际页岩气压裂水平井的压裂-生产一体化模拟,模拟结果与实际生产数据吻合程度较好,验证了模型的准确性。

微缺陷对圆管膨胀断裂的影响

通过理论和数值模拟分析了缺陷方向和位置对圆管膨胀破裂的影响,采用微缺陷研究方法进行了新的懈释。采用含微缺陷的圆管模型探讨了微缺陷对圆管膨胀断裂影响.表明微缺陷将加速圆管径向扩展和剪切扩展相互贯通的过程。分析了实验获得的膨胀断裂应变与作为材料基本参数提供给计算程序的断裂(失效)应变的关系.说明在考虑圆管沿壁厚的破裂过程中,两者不是同一概念.只有将实验获得的断裂应变经过一定的推导后才能作为材料基本参数用于程序计算。

镁合金热裂行为研究进展

热裂是合金铸造过程中最常见的严重铸造缺陷之一。随着镁合金材料应用范围的不断扩大和复杂薄壁铸件的增加,热裂成为镁合金商业化应用的瓶颈。全面阐述了国内外对镁合金热裂行为的测试方法,归纳出了镁合金热裂形成机制,以及镁合金中热裂倾向定量评价方法等。根据多年的深入研究结果详细总结了镁合金热裂的影响因素。同时,还介绍了镁合金热裂的理论预测方法和最新数值模拟模型。为建立稳定、统一的热裂评价标准提供了有实际价值的参考。

特低渗油藏压裂优化研究

针对低渗透油藏地质特征复杂、开采难度大、产能低等问题,以N油田为例,采用油藏数值模拟技术,建立了油藏整体压裂数值模拟模型,在历史拟合的基础上,对比研究了N油田压裂前后效果,发现油田压裂后可有效提高产能。研究了随着平面压裂规模的增大,采出程度和含水率的变化规律,优选出最佳的裂缝参数;纵向上设计不同的层系组合压裂开发方案,提出适合N油田的压裂方案。对同类低渗—特低渗储层的开发有指导意义。

高地应力条件下高边墙洞室劈裂破坏机制分析方法与工程应用研究

本文以瀑布沟水电站主厂房高边墙洞室为工程背景,开展高地应力条件下高边墙洞室开挖卸荷真三维地质力学模型试验,系统研究劈裂破坏现象的产生条件与影响因素;在地质力学模型试验研究的基础上,通过理论方法建立基于应变梯度的地下洞室劈裂破坏弹塑性损伤软化模型,根据复变函数构建高边墙洞室劈裂破坏解析分析方法,依托ABAQUS平台开发地下洞室劈裂破坏计算分析程序。通过模型试验、理论研究和和数值模拟,有效揭示出地下洞室劈裂破坏的产生条件与破坏机制。论文主要研究成果如下:(1)通过高地应力条件下高边墙洞室劈裂破坏真三维物理模型试验,精细模拟出地下洞室开挖卸荷出现的平行分层劈裂破坏现象,揭示地下洞室劈裂破坏的产生条件与影响因素,获得地下洞室围岩位移、应变和应力呈现波峰与波谷间隔分布的振荡性衰减变化规律。(2)通过岩石破坏过程的尺寸效应与应变梯度特征分析,建立含应变梯度的可描述岩石塑性硬化和应变软化的屈服函数,基于应变梯度和塑性损伤理论建立深部洞室劈裂破坏弹塑性损伤软化模型。(3)通过复变函数保角变换法获得由高边墙洞室外域到单位圆外域的映射函数,推导出相关位移场与应力场的复数表达形式,提出高边墙洞室劈裂破坏弹塑性解析分析方法,获得高地应力条件下高边墙洞室位移和应力的解析变化规律。(4)根据建立的劈裂破坏弹塑性损伤软化模型,提出隐式时间积分格式,构建高阶六面体单元并推导其高阶单元的形函数与刚度矩阵,提出地下洞室劈裂破坏的数值分析方法,并依托有限元软件ABAQUS开发相应的计算分析程序。(5)通过模型试验、理论分析和数值模拟,揭示出地下洞室的劈裂破坏机制,即:洞区初始最大主应力平行于洞轴方向且量值达到一定程度(0.21~0.7倍围岩单轴抗压强度)是高边墙洞室产生劈裂破坏的重要条件。当洞区平行于洞轴方向的初始最大主应力量值超过0.7倍围岩单轴抗压强度时,高边墙洞室将由劈裂破坏向分区破裂转化。开挖卸荷高边墙洞壁应力出现波峰与波谷间隔交替的振荡变化是引起劈裂破坏的根本力学成因。研究分析表明:弄清劈裂破坏范围并合理优化洞室布局对保证高边墙洞室施工和运行安全十分重要。

Seismic wavefield modeling in media with fluid-filled fractures and surface topography

We present a finite difference （FD） method for the simulation of seismic wave fields in fractured medium with an irregular （non-fiat） free surface which is beneficial for interpreting exploration data acquired in mountainous regions. Fractures are introduced through the Coates-Schoenberg approach into the FD scheme which leads to local anisotropic properties of the media where fractures are embedded. To implement surface topography, we take advantage of the boundary-conforming grid and map a rectangular grid onto a curved one. We use a stable and explicit second-order accurate finite difference scheme to discretize the elastic wave equations （in a curvilinear coordinate system） in a 2D heterogeneous transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal axis of symmetry （HTI）. Efficiency tests performed by different numerical experiments clearly illustrate the influence of an irregular free surface on seismic wave propagation in fractured media which may be significant to mountain seismic exploration. The tests also illustrate that the scattered waves induced by the tips of the fracture are re-scattered by the features of the free surface topography. The scattered waves provoked by the topography are re-scattered by the fractures, especially Rayleigh wave scattering whose amplitudes are much larger than others and making it very difficult to identify effective information from the fractures.

Numerical modeling of PP- and PS-wave azimuthal anisotropy in HTI media

This study focuses on the factors that may affect the feasibility of performing elliptical anisotropy analysis on azimuthal PP and PS-wave data in HTI media, with the aim of using the modeling results as guidance in real seismic data application. Our results reveal that there is an offset limitation for both PP- and PS-waves in elliptical anisotropy fitting, and that PS-waves show a wider applicable offset range and larger observable azimuthal anisotropy than PP-waves. The major axis of the elliptical fit to the amplitudes of the R-component is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is opposite to that in PP-wave analysis. The azimuthal interval travel time of PS-waves shows a nearly elliptical distribution and the major axis of the fit ellipse is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is same as that in PP-wave analysis. For data within the applicable offset range, the anisotropic magnitude obtained from amplitude and travel time attributes of PP- and PS-waves exhibits a dependence on fracture density, and the major to minor axis ratio of the fit ellipse may be used to infer the relative distribution of fracture densities.

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF EVOLUTIONS FROM WALL PULSE TO TURBULENT COHE RENT STRUCTURES

The high order compact d if ference method is developed for solving the perturbation equations based on Navi er Stokes equations, and is used in studying complex evolution processes from w all negative pulse to the turbulent coherent structure in the channel flow. Th is method contains three dimensional coupling difference scheme with high accur acy and high resolution, and the high order time splitting methods. Compared with the general spectral method, the method can be used to research turbule nt coherent structure under more general boundary conditions and in flow domains . In this paper, the generation and evolution of the turbulent coherent structur es ind uced by wall pulse in the channel flow are simulated, and the basic characterist ics and rules of the turbulent coherent structure are shown. Computational r esults indicate that a wall negative pulse is more convenient than the resonant three wave model.

Numerical analysis of reflective cracking and fatigue lives of semi-rigid pavement structures using ABAQUS and FE-SAFE

In order to compare the impact of thickness of different layers on fatigue lives of different semi-rigid asphalt pavement structures, the mechanical results from finite element models in ABAQUS are incorporated with the fatigue results from fatigue models in FE-SAFE to calculate the mechanical response and fatigue lives of semi-rigid pavement structures under heavy traffic loads. Then the influences on fatigue lives caused by the changes in the thickness of layers in pavement structures are also evaluated. The numerical simulation results show that the aggregated base and the large stone porous mixture （LSPM） base have better anti-cracking performance than the conventional semi-rigid base. The appropriate thickness range for the aggregated layer in the aggregated base is 15 to 18 cm. The thickness of the LSPM layer in the LSPM base is recommended to be less than 15 cm.

Numerical Simulation of Rock Burst in Circular Tunnels Under Unloading Conditions

Rock burst in a circular tunnel under high in-situ stress conditions was investigated with a numerical method coupled the rock failure process theory (RFPA) and discontinuous deformation theory (DDA). Some numerical tests were carraied out to investigate the failuer patterns of circular tunnel under unloading conditions. Compared the results under loading conditions,the shapes of failure zones are more regular under the unloading conditions. The failure pat-terns in the same type of rock mass are clearly different because of non-homogeneity of the rock material. The extension of cracks shows some predictability with an increasing of in-situ stress. When the homogeneity index of rocks (m) is ei-ther relatively high or low and lateral pressure coefficients (λ) is high,the number of regular shear slide cracks decreases and the probability of a rock burst also becomes lower. Our numerical simulation results show that the stability of sur-face rock and the natural bedding stratification of rock material greatly affect rock bursts. Installing bolts with due dili-gence and suitably can effectively prevent rock bursts. However,it is not effective to control rock bursts by releasing the strain energy with normal pre-boreholes.

Study on fault induced rock bursts

In order to study the rules of rock bursts caused by faults by means of mechanical analysis of a roof rock-mass balanced structure and numerical simulation about fault slip destabilization, the effect of coal mining operation on fault plane stresses and slip displacement were studied. The results indicate that the slip displacement sharply increases due to the decrease of normal stress and the increase of shear stress at the fault plane when the working face advances from the footwall to the fault itself, which may induce a fault rock burst. However, this slip displacement will be very small due to the increase of normal stress and the decrease of shear stress when the working face advances from the hanging wall to the fault itself, which results in a very small risk of a fault rock burst.

Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracture propagation in weakly consolidated sandstone reservoirs

Frac-packing technology has been introduced to improve the development effect of weakly consolidated sandstone.It has double effects on increasing production and sand control.However,determining operation parameters of frac-packing is the key factor due to the particularity of weakly consolidated sandstone.In order to study the mechanisms of hydraulic fracture propagation and reveal the effect of fracturing parameters on fracture morphology in weakly consolidated sandstone,finite element numerical model of fluid-solid coupling is established to carry out numerical simulation to analyze influences of mechanical characteristics,formation permeability,fracturing fluid injection rate and viscosity on fracture propagation.The result shows that lower elastic modulus is favorable for inducing short and wide fractures and controls the fracture length while Poisson ratio has almost no effect.Large injection rate and high viscosity of fracturing fluid are advantageous to fracture initiation and propagation.Suitable fractures are produced when the injection rate is approximate to3–4m3/min and fluid viscosity is over100mPa?s.The leak-off of fracturing fluid to formation is rising with the increase of formation permeability,which is adverse to fracture propagation.The work provides theoretical reference to determine the construction parameters for the frac-packing design in weakly consolidated reservoirs.

Prediction of wall deposition behaviour in a pilot-scale spray dryer using deposition correlations for pipe flows

The particle deposition behaviour of skim milk, water and maltodextrin in the conical section of a pilot-scale spray dryer was predicted using simple correlations for particle depositions in pipes. The predicted particle deposition fluxes of these materials were then compared with the measured deposition fluxes. The predicted particle deposition regimes of the spray dryer were expected to be in the diffusional and mixed (diffusional and inertial) regimes, but the experimental results suggested that the particle deposition was mainly in the inertial regime. Therefore, using the pipe correlations for predicting deposition in a pilot-scale spray dryer suggests that they do not sufficiently represent the actual deposition behaviour. This outcome indicates that a further study of particle flow patterns needs to be carried out using numerical simulations (computational fluid dynamics, CFD) in view of the additional geometrical complexity of the spray dryer.

Wing crack model subjected to high hydraulic pressure and far field stresses and its numerical simulation

By considering the effect of hydraulic pressure filled in wing crack and the connected part of main crack on the stress intensity factor at wing crack tip, a new wing crack model exerted by hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was proposed. By introducing the equivalent crack length lcq of wing crack, two terms make up the stress intensity factor K1 at wing crack tip： one is the component K（1） for a single isolated straight wing crack of length 2l subjected to hydraulic pressure in wing crack and far field stresses, and the other is the component K1^（2） due to the effective shear stress induced by the presence of the equivalent main crack. The FEM model of wing crack propagation subjected to hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was also established according to different side pressure coefficients and hydraulic pressures in crack. The result shows that a good agreement is found between theoretical model of wing crack proposed and finite element method （FEM）. In theory, an unstable crack propagation is shown if there is high hydraulic pressure and lateral tension. The wing crack model proposed can provide references for studying on hydraulic fracturing in rock masses.

高边墙洞室劈裂破坏机制的试验与理论及计算分析研究

高边墙洞室的劈裂破坏现象已成为影响大型水电站地下厂房施工开挖安全的重要因素。为弄清劈裂破坏现象的形成机制,以瀑布沟水电站地下主厂房高边墙洞室为研究背景工程,开展真三维高地应力条件下高边墙洞室开挖卸荷三维地质力学模型试验,揭示高边墙洞室开挖卸荷的非线性变形特征与劈裂破坏规律。在地质力学模型试验研究的基础上,建立基于应变梯度的地下洞室劈裂破坏弹塑性损伤软化模型和岩体劈裂破坏准则,并据此依托ABAQUS软件开发地下洞室劈裂破坏计算分析程序,通过多工况数值模拟分析,有效揭示高边墙洞室劈裂破坏的产生条件和形成力学机制。研究表明:洞区初始最大主应力平行于洞轴向且其量值达到一定程度是产生劈裂破坏的重要条件;开挖卸荷过程中高边墙洞壁应力出现波峰与波谷间隔交替的振荡变化是引起劈裂破坏的根本力学成因,该研究成果为下一步进行高边墙洞室劈裂破坏防治提供了重要试验和理论依据。

Estimating the Operation Status of Steam Cracking Furnace Using Numerical Simulation with Combustion Models

An accurate and complete geometric model was constructed to simulate the combustion, flow and temperature environment in the radiant section of the steam cracking furnace. Simulation of flow and radiation status has utilized the standard k-ε model and P1 model. The finite-rate/eddy-dissipation (finite-rate/ED) combustion model and non-premixed combustion model were both used to simulate accurately the combustion and the operation status of the steam cracking furnace. Three different surfaces of the steam cracking furnace were obtained from the simulation, namely:the flue gas temperature field of the entrance surface in long flame burners, the central surface location of tubes, and the crossover section surface. Detailed information on the flue gas temperature and the mass concentration fraction of these different surfaces in the steam cracking furnace can also be obtained by the simulation. This paper analyzed and compared the simulation results with the two combustion models, estimated the operation status of the steam cracking furnace, and reported that the finite-rate/ED model is appropriate to simulate the steam cracking furnace by comparing key simulation data with actual test data. This work has also provided a theoretical basis for simulating and operating the steam cracking furnace.

Numerical Predication of Cracking Reaction of Particle Clusters in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Riser Reactors

Behavior of catalytic cracking reactions of particle cluster in fluid catalytic cracking （FCC） riser reactors was numerically analyzed using a four-lump mathematical model. Effects of the cluster porosity, inlet gas velocity and temperature, and coke deposition on cracking reactions of the cluster were investigated. Distributions of temperature, gases, and gasoline from both catalyst particle cluster and an isolated catalyst particle are presented. The reaction rates from vacuum gas oil （VGO） to gasoline, gas and coke of individual particle in the cluster are higher than those of the isolated particle, but it reverses for the reaction rates from gasoline to gas and coke. Less gasoline is produced by particle clustering. Simulated results show that the produced mass fluxes of gas and gasoline increase with the operating temperature and molar concentration of VGO, and decrease due to the formation of coke.

Experimental and numerical study on loading rate effects of rock-like material specimens containing two unparallel fissures

A series of laboratory experiments and PFC numerical simulations for rock-like material specimens containing two unparallel fissures were carried out.On the basis of experimental and numerical results,the stress-strain curves,mechanical properties,AE events,cracking behavior and energy characteristics were analyzed to reveal the macro-mechanical behavior and meso-mechanism of pre-fissured specimens under different loading rates.Investigated results show that:1)When the loading rate is relatively low,the stress-strain curves show a brittle response.When the loading rate is relatively high,the curve shows a more ductile response.Both of the peak strength and elastic mudulus increase with the increase of loading rate,which can be expressed as power functions.2)Four crack types are identified,i.e.,tensile crack,shear crack,far-field crack and surface spalling.Moreover,the tensile crack,far-field crack and surface spalling are under tensile mechanism,while the shear crack is under shear mechanism.3)The drops of the stress-strain curves all correspond to the crack initiation or coalescence,which is also linked to a sudden increasing in the accumulated micro-crack curve.4)Both of the maximum bond force and energy have the similar trend with the increase of loading rate to peak strength,which indicates that the trend of peak strength can be explained by the meso-mechanics and energy.

Application of preblasting to high-section top coal caving for steepthick coal sea

For mining extra-steep-thick coal seam, the sublevel top coal caving is a high efficient method in practical engineering. However, major challenges associated with mining high-section top-coal-caving （HSTCC） are related to the resulting high ground stresses. Inevitability, using the high-section sublevel top coal caving for extra-steep-thick coal seam, the large scale of mined-out area appears. If the prefracture blasting and hydraulic fracture techniques are utilized, the top coal damage and cracks will develop, and the mining complexity will increase, such as seam inclination, continuity, mechanical characteristics of roof and susceptibility of top coal, etc. First, the field conditions of B1＋2 seam were investigated at the ＋588 level of the Weihuliang Underground Mine of China. Subsequently, according to caving mechanism of strata response obtained from several special models including physical simulation tests and numerical simulation models, the prefracture process including blasting and injecting water were analyzed. Then, the prefracture blasting technique was successfully applied to the caving of 52 m-sublevel seam. Finally, the effects were verified by advanced detecting instruments, and the results show these methods and measurements are feasible and valid.

Effect of vertical load difference on cracking behaviors in multistory masonry buildings and numerical simulation

To investigate the causes qf cracks in multistory masonry buildings, the effect of vertical load difference on cracking behaviors was investigated experimentally by testing and measuring the displacements at the testing points of a large sized real masonry U-shaped model. Additionally, the cracking behaviors in U-shaped model were analyzed with shear stress and numerical simulated with ANSYS software. The experimental results show that the deformation increases with the increase of the vertical load. The vertical load results in different deformation between the bearing wall and non-bearing wall, which leads to cracking on the non-beating wall. The rapid deformation happens at 160 kN and cracks occur firstly at the top section of non-bearing wall near to the bearing wall. New cracks are observed and the previous cracks are enlarged and developed with the increase of vertical load. The maximum crack opening reaches 12 mm, and the non-bearing wall is about to collapse when the vertical load arrives at 380 kN. Theoretical analysis indicates that the shear stress reaches the maximum value at the top section of the non-bearing wall, and thus cracks tend to happen at the top section of the non-bearing wall. Numerical simulation results about the cracking behaviors are in good agreement with experiments results.