相控阵超声对裂纹表征和定量的重要贡献

研讨用相控阵超声检测薄板焊缝时,用扇形(S)扫描背散射衍射法对裂纹表征和定量的独特性。突出相控阵超声分辨力改善的三大关键因素:(1)使用一定尺寸的声孔阑和适当聚焦;(2)使用压电复合材料制作的、具有短脉冲的阵列探头;(3)使用S扫描图像和动态回波显示。以上三因素的组合,能明显改进裂纹表征和端部信号的识别。给出了实验示例,验证了相控阵超声对裂纹检测的分辨力及其对裂纹准确定量的重要贡献。

航空铝合金弹塑性短疲劳裂纹扩展表征分析

铝合金短裂纹扩展行为与长裂纹扩展行为差别很大,而在铝合金结构中短裂纹阶段占据构件疲劳寿命的90%以上。通过对线弹性裂纹扩展模型进行修正,得到了改进后的弹塑性短裂纹模型,并利用LY12CZ铝合金材料进行验证性实验。结果表明:改进后的模型能够统一表征弹塑性短裂纹和线弹性长裂纹的扩展行为。这拓展了裂纹扩展行为的预测范围,对于铝合金构件的寿命预测和损伤容限评估具有重要的参考价值。

高铁钢轨表面RCF裂纹簇的ACFM三维模拟表征分析

交流电磁场检测技术(alternating current field measurement, ACFM)以其检测效率高、对表面裂纹响应灵敏、非接触等特性被广泛应用于钢轨表面滚动接触疲劳(rolling contact fatigue, RCF)裂纹的检测。利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立三维交流电磁场仿真模型,采用有限元的方法研究不同垂直角度的非均匀裂纹簇对ACFM信号的影响,研究表明,相较于均匀裂纹簇,不同垂直角度的非均匀裂纹簇的Bx特征曲线的波谷位置出现偏移,在此基础上研究了非均匀裂纹簇1~5 mm口袋深度、6~20 mm表面长度、5~15 mm裂纹间距对Bx信号的影响。

工业纯钛TA2室温蠕变条件下裂纹尖端的参量表征与估算

通过试验、理论分析和有限元模拟对工业纯钛TA2室温蠕变条件下裂纹尖端应力应变场的参量表征及估算进行了研究。试验研究表明,在室温条件下,工业纯钛TA2存在明显的第1阶段蠕变现象。理论分析和有限元模拟表明,对TA2裂纹体进行保载时,裂纹尖端的应力应变场为HRR场,提出采用与时间相关的J积分来表征,并给出了估算方法。通过有限元计算,获得了TA2室温蠕变条件下CT试样的时间相关J积分值,论证了采用J积分来表征室温蠕变条件下TA2裂纹尖端应力应变场的合理性。将有限元计算与估算方法获得的J积分进行了比较,验证了估算方法的有效性和准确性。

Visual representation and characterization of three-dimensional hydrofracturing cracks within heterogeneous rock through 3D printing and transparent models

The heterogeneity of unconventional reservoir rock tremendously affects its hydrofracturing behavior. A visual representation and accurate characterization of the three-dimensional （3D） growth and distribution of hydrofracturing cracks within heterogeneous rocks is of particular use to the design and implementation of hydrofracturing stimulation of unconventional reservoirs. However, because of the difficulties involved in visually representing and quantitatively characterizing a 3D hydrofracturing crack-network, this issue remains a challenge. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for physically visualizing and quantitatively characterizing the 3D hydrofracturing crack-network distributed through a heterogeneous structure based on a natural glutenite sample. This method incorporates X-ray microfocus computed tomography （μCT）, 3D printing models and hydrofracturing triaxial tests to represent visually the heterogeneous structure, and the 3D crack growth and distribution within a transparent rock model during hydrofracturing. The coupled effects of material heterogeneity and confining geostress on the 3D crack initiation and propagation were analyzed. The results indicate that the breakdown pressure of a heterogeneous rock model is significantly affected by material heterogeneity and confining geostress. The measured breakdown pressures of heterogeneous models are apparently different from those predicted by traditional theories. This study helps to elucidate the quantitative visualization and characterization of the mechanism and influencing factors that determine the hydrofracturing crack initiation and propagation in heterogeneous reservoir rocks.

Preparation and Characterization of Alumina Membranes on Capillary Supports： Effect of Film-coating on Crack-free Membrane Preparation

Ceramic capillary membrane has received much attention due to its relatively high pack density and favorable mechanical strength.However,it is difficult to prepare capillary membrane on its thin support by a dip-coating method.In this study,alumina microfiltration membranes were prepared on the inner surface of alumina capillary support(outer diameter 4 mm,inner diameter 2.5 mm)by a dip-coating method.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observation,gas bubble pressure(GBP)method and membrane permeation test were carried out to evaluate membrane performance.Two major effects in preparation of crack-free membrane,capillary filtration and film-coating,upon the thin support were studied.The as-prepared crack-free membrane presents a narrow pore size distribution,a mean pore size of about 0.6μm and a high pure water flux of 86000 L·m -2 ·h -1 ·MPa.It is proved that the membrane thickness should be sufficiently large to overcome the defects of support surface,but it is only one of the prerequisites for the formation of crack-free membrane.Furthermore,it is demonstrated that the capillary filtration effect is greatly restricted for thin capillary support with the dip-coating method and the film-coating effect plays a crucial role in the formation of crack-free membrane.

Interface microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted multilayer functionally graded materials

Functionally graded material(FGM)can tailor properties of components such as wear resistance,corrosion resistance,and functionality to enhance the overall performance.The selective laser melting(SLM)additive manufacturing highlights the capability in manufacturing FGMs with a high geometrical complexity and manufacture flexibility.In this work,the 316L/CuSn10/18Ni300/CoCr four-type materials FGMs were fabricated using SLM.The microstructure and properties of the FGMs were investigated to reveal the effects of SLM processing parameters on the defects.A large number of microcracks were found at the 316L/CuSn10 interface,which initiated from the fusion boundary of 316L region and extended along the building direction.The elastic modulus and nano-hardness in the 18Ni300/CoCr fusion zone decreased significantly,less than those in the 18Ni300 region or the CoCr region.The iron and copper elements were well diffused in the 316L/CuSn10 fusion zone,while elements in the CuSn10/18Ni300 and the 18Ni300/CoCr fusion zones showed significantly gradient transitions.Compared with other regions,the width of the CuSn10/18Ni300 interface and the CuSn10 region expand significantly.The mechanisms of materials fusion and crack generation at the 316L/CuSn10 interface were discussed.In addition,FGM structures without macro-crack were built by only altering the deposition subsequence of 316L and CuSn10,which provides a guide for the additive manufacturing of FGM structures.

Characterization of thermal-shock cracks in ceramic bars

Experimental analysis of the cracking in the ceramics subsequent to water quenching have been conducted to clarify the uncertainties of cracking in the ceramics when subjected to thermal shock.The results here indicate that at the critical point of quench temperature,the crack density and the depth reached the minimum and the maximum limits,respectively.On increase of the quench temperature,the crack density increased rapidly before reaching its saturation point,while the crack depth initially decreased rapidly and then increased gradually before reaching its saturation point.