PA6/POE-g-MAH共混物缺口冲击的裂纹萌生韧性及裂纹扩展韧性

研究了PA6/POE-g-MAH共混物缺口冲击的裂纹萌生韧性及裂纹扩展韧性。结果显示:质量分数为5%和10%的POE-g-MAH对PA6/POE-g-MAH共混物缺口冲击裂纹萌生阶段增韧效果十分明显,裂纹源为锥窝韧性断裂形貌,但对裂纹扩展阶段的影响不大,其裂纹扩展断面为补丁状脆性断裂特征;15%质量分数以上的POE-g-MAH对PA6/POE-g-MAH共混物缺口冲击裂纹萌生及扩展阶段的增韧效果均十分明显。裂纹扩展断面具有抛物线韧性断裂形貌。锥窝形貌是裂纹源区多核心生长伴随基体塑性变形的结果。裂纹扩展断面的抛物线形貌则是主裂纹扩展面与次级断裂源相交的结果。

动态裂纹扩展韧性 K_(ID) 的估算及方法的评估

通过对３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉ２Ａ钢制成的ＤＣＢ（带裂尖小孔）试件的试验结果和利用动态有限元法（ＤＦＥＭ）与远场路径无关的Ｊ′积分相结合的方法计算了动态裂纹扩展韧性。较全面地对各种估算ＫＩＤ的工程方法进行了分析比较和评估，讨论了使用范围。此外，改进了Ｋａｎｎｉｎｅｎ的半经验公式，使它能对于不同泊松比的材料能方便地估算极限速度ＶＬ。同时，指出材料常数ｍ应与裂纹的初始长度和止裂长度ａａ及裂尖半径有关，给出了计算公式，使得估算ＫＩＤ更为简便和合理。

微孔贯通机制的韧性多裂纹扩展研究

拉伸载荷作用下,裂尖附近具有较高的应力三轴度,微孔洞体积扩张及随后内部韧带颈缩是主导韧性裂纹扩展的细观机制。为基于微孔洞损伤机制模拟裂纹扩展,需要建立合理的孔洞贯通准则。基于三维体胞分析,建立了2524-T3铝合金的宏观等效应变失效准则。通过假设孔洞在贯通前保持球形扩张,将塑性极限载荷准则推导为仅依赖于宏观应变的形式。这两种准则分别与Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)模型结合在一起,形成了GTN-E及GTN-L模型,对2524-T3铝合金薄板中的韧性多裂纹扩展过程进行了模拟。模拟结果与试验结果的对比表明,可以有效地分析韧性多裂纹的扩展连通过程。

氢致裂纹扩展的分形模型

基于氢致裂纹扩展的氢增塑性理论 ,提出一种氢致裂纹扩展的分形模型 ,并根据分形几何理论 ,建立了金属在氢环境下广义有效表面能Γ(H)与分形维数D以及氢致裂纹扩展应力强度因子KIH的关系 ,从而得到D与KISCC的关系 ,并进行实验验证 。

残余应力对管线钢韧性断裂的影响

以弹塑性断裂力学理论为基础,应用ABAQUS有限元软件,采用固有应变法引入残余应力,并基于细观塑性损伤模型研究了残余应力对管线钢韧性裂纹扩展阻力曲线的影响.模型中选择了具有不同深浅裂纹的单边缺口弯曲(SENB)试样和DNV推荐准则中用于管线钢断裂评估的单边缺口拉伸(SENT)试样,并对这两种断裂力学试样在大范围屈服条件下的裂纹扩展阻力曲线(CTOD-R曲线)行为进行了对比分析.结果表明,对于深裂纹试样,残余应力降低了韧性裂纹扩展阻力曲线,而浅裂纹试样受残余应力的影响可忽略不计.

海船断裂控制设计准则

传统的断裂控制设计准则 ,如脆性转变温度准则或最低工作温度准则等 ,在实际断裂评定中 ,有时会遇到困难 ,其原因在于建立这些准则的条件与实际结构的服役条件存在差异。本文在分析材料断裂韧度的温度效应和载荷速率效应的基础上 ,根据海船工作条件构造了断裂特征分析图 (Fracture CharacteristicAnalysis Map) ,提出了一个计及材料性能 (断裂韧度 ,屈服强度 )、环境因素 (服役温度 ,载荷速率 )和结构特点 (板厚及平面应变约束 )在内的海船断裂控制设计准则。应用该准则可根据对海船工作特性的要求 ,选择材料和预测结构的断裂行为 ,从而为防断选材、结构完整性评定、可靠性分析以及失效分析、预测、预防提供了定量的依据。该准则克服了传统断裂控制准则的局限性 ,可以全方位地模拟海船结构特点及工作条件 ,具有更满意的适用性。

Microstructure and fracture toughness of a TiAl-Nb composite consolidated by spark plasma sintering

A TiAl-Nb composite was prepared by spark plasma sintering （SPS） at 1250 °C and 50 MPa for 5 min from prealloyed TiAl powder and elemental Nb powder in a molar ratio of 9：1 for improving the fracture toughness of TiAl alloy at room temperature. The microstructure, phase constitute, fracture surface and fracture toughness were determined by X-ray diffractometry, electron probe micro-analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and mechanical testing. The results show that the sintered samples mainly consist of γ phase, O phase, niobium solid solution （Nbss） phase and B2 phase. The fracture toughness is as high as 28.7 MPa？m1/2 at room temperature. The ductile Nbss phase plays an important role in absorbing the fracture energy in front of the cracks. Moreover, B2 phase can branch the propagation of the cracks. The microhardness of each phase of the composite was also tested.

用优质再生聚乙烯树脂取代纯树脂新料

喝完的奶瓶和果汁瓶是可以二次利用的再生高密度聚乙烯的主要来源。但是，再生高密度聚乙烯的二次利用范围是有限的，因为其耐应力开裂性能太差。本文评价了各种耐应力开裂性能的试验方法，介绍了研发改进了耐应力开裂性能的再生聚乙烯掺混料的初步研究成果。再生聚乙烯料里加了改性剂后，改进了它的耐应力开裂性能，结果表明在非压力管道的生产中有望使用再生高密度聚乙烯。这些掺混料已经按照缺口恒韧性应力（Notched Constant Ligament Stress）试验方法进行试验。这是一种新的试验方法（ASTMF17．40），正在不断发展之中。用此方法测试在加速环境下高密度聚乙烯裂纹缓慢扩展的易发性。试验结果应与现场性能结合起来进行评价。

Microstructure-fracture toughness relationships and toughening mechanism of TC21 titanium alloy with lamellar microstructure

The independent influence of microstructural features on fracture toughness of TC21alloy with lamellar microstructure was investigated.Triple heat treatments were designed to obtain lamellar microstructures with different parameters,which were characterized by OM and SEM.The size and content ofαplates were mainly determined by cooling rate from singleβphase field and solution temperature in two-phase field;while the precipitation behavior of secondaryαplatelets was dominantly controlled by aging temperature in two-phase field.The content and thickness ofαplates and the thickness of secondaryαplatelets were important microstructural features influencing the fracture toughness.Both increasing the content ofαplates and thickeningαplates(or secondaryαplatelets)could enhance the fracture toughness of TC21alloy.Based on energy consumption by the plastic zone of crack tip inαplates,a toughening mechanism for titanium alloys was proposed.

Test of subcritical crack growth and fracture toughness under water-rock interaction in three types of rocks

The subcritical crack growth and fracture toughness in peridotite, lherzolite and amphibolite were investigated with double torsion test. The results show that water-rock interaction has a significant influence on subcritical crack growth. With water-rock interaction, the crack velocity increases, while the stress intensity factor declines, which illustrates that water-rock interaction can decrease the strength of rocks and accelerate the subcritical crack growth. Based on Charlse theory and Hilling & Charlse theory, the test data were analyzed by regression and the correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.7, which shows the correlation is significant. This illustrates that both theories can explain the results of tests very well. Therefore, it is believed that the subcritical crack growth attributes to the breaking of chemical bond, which is caused by the combined effect of the tensile stress and the chemical reaction between the material at crack tip and the corrosive agent. Meanwhile, water-rock interaction has a vital effect on fracture toughness. The fracture toughness of samples under atmospheric environment is higher than that of samples immersed in water. And water-rock interaction has larger influence on fracture toughness in amphibolite than that in peridotite and lherzolite.

Effects of laser shock peening on fatigue crack growth rate and fracture properties of AA2524 aluminum alloy

In order to prolong the service life of aircraft skin made from AA2524, the effects of laser shock peening(LSP) on fatigue crack growth(FCG) rate and fracture toughness(K_(c)) of AA2524 were investigated. Multiple LSP treatment was performed on compact tension(CT) specimen from single side and double sides. The surface integrity was measured with Vickers hardness tester, X-ray diffractometer and confocal laser scanning microscope, respectively. FCG rate test and fracture toughness test under plane stress were carried out after LSP treatment. The microstructure features of cross-sections were observed with scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the micro-hardness and residual stress of CT specimens were increased dramatically after LSP treatment. Compared to the base metal(BM), the fatigue life was prolonged by 2.4 times and fracture toughness was increased by 22% after multiple LSP.

Fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth analysis of 7050-T7451 alloy thick plate with different thicknesses

The strength, fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy plate with different thicknesses （35 mm and 160 ram） were investigated by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results show that thicker plate has lower strength and fracture toughness but higher fatigue crack growth resistance, by comparison to the thinner plate. The drop of strength is mainly attributed to grain coarsening in the thicker plate, and the increased degree of recrystallization results in the loss of Kio However, the coarsened grains in the thicker plate make cracks deflected and closure effect enhanced due to surface roughness increased. For both of plates, in the fracture surface subjected plain strain, a transition from transgranular dimpled fracture to intergranular dimpled fracture is observed during the fracture process.

Crack propagation behavior of inhomogeneous laminated Ti-Nb metal-metal composite

In order to investigate the real-time cracking behavior of each component of a composite with strong interfacial bonding among lamellae, Ti-18 Nb(at.%) composite was prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS), followed by hot-rolling, annealing, and quenching. The microstructure and mechanical properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), micro-region X-ray diffractometry(MRXRD), nanoindentation, and in-situ scanning electron microscopy tensile testing. The results show that the Ti-18 Nb consists of Ti-enriched, diffusion and Nb-enriched zones, and the sharp Nb gradient across different zones leads to inhomogeneous distribution of phase and mechanical properties. A remarkable finding is that the diffusion zones not only enable the cooperative deformation between the brittle Ti-enriched zones and the ductile Nb-enriched zones but also act as the crack-arresters to prevent the local cracks in the Ti-enriched zones from further propagating across the composite.

Effect of loading rate on fracture characteristics of rock

The three-point bending experiments were applied to investigating effects of loading rates on fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone. The fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone was measured over a wide range of loading rates from 9 × 10-4 to 1.537 MPa.m1/2/s. According to the approximate relationship between static and dynamic fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone, relationship between the growth velocity of crack and dynamic fracture toughness was obtained. The main conclusions are summarized as follows. （1） When the loading rate is higher than 0.027 MPa-ml/2/s, the fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone increases markedly with increasing loading rate. However, when loading rate is lower than 0.027 MPa-ml/2/s, fracture toughness slightly increases with an increase in loading rate. （2） It is found from experimental results that fracture toughness is linearly proportional to the logarithmic expression of loading rate. （3） For Huanglong limestone, when the growth velocity of crack is lower than 100 m/s, the energy release rate slightly decreases with increasing the growth velocity of crack. However, when the growth velocity of crack is higher than 1 000 m/s, the energy release rate dramatically decreases with an increase in the crack growth velocity.

钢纤维增强混凝土的断裂破坏研究

在钢纤维增强混凝土的断裂力学性能的实验研究中,利用数字图像相关技术对素水泥砂浆试件和钢纤维增强水泥砂浆试件进行裂纹尖端的位移场测量,求解不同纤维分布情况下的应力强度因子从而进行增强性能的分析比较.对于单纤维桥联增强的情况,实验结果与Carpinteri的模型计算结果进行了分析比较,证明这种图像和数据处理方法对裂纹尖端的纤维位增强特性分析是有效可行的.

PZT陶瓷本构行为与断裂性能的相关性研究

铁电陶瓷的力学性能直接决定了其加工性能和铁电器件的可靠性。目前,无论是实验还是理论报道的压电陶瓷材料的断裂韧性都与30年前的报道接近,限制了压电器件在高可靠性要求的情况下的应用。本研究试图揭示可用于优化铁电陶瓷断裂性能的参数。利用单轴压缩方法、裂纹尖端张开位移(Crack-tip opening displacement,COD)技术和单边V型缺口梁(Single-side V-notch beam,SEVNB)技术分别测定三种典型PZT陶瓷的应力-应变曲线、本征断裂韧性和长裂纹断裂韧性。结果表明,本征断裂韧性与材料的杨氏模量正相关,说明提高铁电体的杨氏模量是提高其本征韧性的有效途径。长裂纹断裂韧性与本征韧性和非本征铁弹性畴变/相变增韧有关,说明优化铁电陶瓷的铁弹翻转行为可以改善其非本征效应。软掺杂PZT相较于硬掺杂PZT具有较低的矫顽应力和较高的残余应变,呈现较强的铁弹性翻转和较高的屏蔽韧性;在不同PZT材料中观察到的断裂模式也被认为与材料不同的铁弹性翻转行为有关,软PZT陶瓷呈现沿晶断裂,铁弹性翻转较弱的硬PZT呈现穿晶断裂。综上所述,优化铁电材料的杨氏模量和铁弹翻转行为有望提升其断裂韧性。

超大型集装箱船用钢板YP47使用规范的解读

介绍了2013年国际船级社协会发布的超大型集装箱船用钢板YP47使用规范（uRW31）的主要内容，并对大厚度高强船板钢的脆性裂纹止裂韧性要求进行了解读，最后介绍了国内止裂试验研究的最新进展。

Study on equivalent strength for crack directors of RCC arch dam based on size effect rule

The size effect rule of roller compacted concrete (RCC) fracture toughness was reached on the analysis of fracture toughness of RCC specimens, which have been done by project team. And then the rule was applied to the calculation formula of equivalent strength of crack director in the RCC arch dam, thus a simple and useful formula was reached. The study shows that the equivalent strength of crack directors increases with the increasing intensity of concrete, but the surplus rate of strength of crack directors section decreases with the increasing intensity of concrete and the distance between centers of adjacent crack directors, and that bilateral interval crack directors are more efficient in weakening the strength of section than unidirectional interval crack directors in the case of the same distance between adjacent crack director centers. A good design for crack directors of RCC arch dam is proposed via the rule.

Towards fully automatic modelling of the fracture process in quasi-brittle and ductile materials:a unified crack growth criterion

Fully automatic finite element(FE) modelling of the fracture process in quasi-brittle materials such as concrete and rocks and ductile materials such as metals and alloys,is of great significance in assessing structural integrity and presents tre-mendous challenges to the engineering community. One challenge lies in the adoption of an objective and effective crack propagation criterion. This paper proposes a crack propagation criterion based on the principle of energy conservation and the cohesive zone model(CZM) . The virtual crack extension technique is used to calculate the differential terms in the criterion. A fully-automatic discrete crack modelling methodology,integrating the developed criterion,the CZM to model the crack,a simple remeshing procedure to accommodate crack propagation,the J2 flow theory implemented within the incremental plasticity framework to model the ductile materials,and a local arc-length solver to the nonlinear equation system,is developed and im-plemented in an in-house program. Three examples,i.e.,a plain concrete beam with a single shear crack,a reinforced concrete(RC) beam with multiple cracks and a compact-tension steel specimen,are simulated. Good agreement between numerical predictions and experimental data is found,which demonstrates the applicability of the criterion to both quasi-brittle and ductile materials.

Application Research on Toughness Index CTOD in Design of Railway Steel Bridge

Railway steel bridge belongs to large-scale weld structures suffered with cyclic dynamic stress generated by the train. In recent years, the section of bridge member becomes bigger, plate becomes thicker, connection form becomes more complicated and steel bridge is applied to wider districts even in the lower temperature environment. Thus, fatigue and fracture problems become more serious. On the basis of CTOD （crack tip open displacement） test data of 372 specimens tested in different temperatures, this paper discusses research work about fracture proof design that involves how to determine the criterion of CVN （Charpy V-notch） impact toughness by establishing the relationship between CTOD and CVN, how to prevent from brittle fracture by stress control in railway steel bridge design based on COD （crack open displacement） design curve through the test data and how to do the fatigue design for railway steel bridge at -50 ℃ of design temperature in an easy way. The method of fatigue design at -50 ℃ environment has been used for railway steel bridge structure of Qinghai-Tibet Railway in China.