三维各向异性裂缝介质正演模拟的三种交错网格适应性比较及Lebedev方法的改进

研究了三维各向异性裂缝介质的正演模拟的三种不同有限差分法,即标准交错网格(SSG)、旋转交错网格(RSG)和Lebedev方法(LS),详细对比分析这三种交错网格方法在模拟复杂各向异性介质的优势与局限.提出一种新的改进方法,简化了LS有限差分法在任意各向异性介质中的正演模拟.为了模拟三维大规模复杂各向异性介质的地震响应,提出一个优化的正演模拟计算流程:将模型参数分为模型介质参数和模型构造参数.该计算流程适用于三种有限差分法中的任何一种.使用LS方法实现任意三维各向异性裂缝介质地震响应的三维全波场模拟,通过使用三种不同的有限差分模拟方法进行二维和三维模型数值模拟试验,验证了所提出方法有效.

裂缝的分形分析方法

从裂缝的分形分布出发,对裂缝的分布、裂缝的有效截面积、裂缝的强度、裂面的粗糙度和裂缝的各向异性度,提出了分形分析方法。根据裂缝分形分布特点,提出了基本裂缝分布模型,对这些模型做相应的分形对比,来阐明裂缝的分形和特征。裂缝的分形分析方法改变了以往单一的裂缝性质分析方法,而从裂缝的分形分布结构上全面地进行定量分析,不仅反映裂缝的平均效果,而且反映了裂缝分布的非均匀性及其发育程度的差异。

基于改进BISQ机制的双相HTI介质波传播伪谱法模拟与特征分析

改进BISQ(Biot-Squirt)机制在不引入特征喷流长度的情况下,将含流体孔隙介质中Biot流动和喷射流动两种重要的力学机制有机地结合起来,且各相关参数具有明确物理意义和可实现性.本文将改进BISQ机制一维孔隙流体压力公式推广到三维具有水平对称轴横向各向同性介质(HTI介质)情况,结合裂缝各向异性理论,给出了基于改进BISQ机制的双相HTI介质模型及其二维三分量波传播方程,采用伪谱法求解该方程,进行了不同相界、不同频率以及双层地质结构情况下该类介质中波场的数值模拟与特征分析.数值模拟结果表明:伪谱法模拟精度高,压制网格频散效果好,可以得到高精度的波场快照和合成记录;基于改进BISQ机制的双相HTI介质模型兼具裂缝各向异性特征和孔隙弹性特征,其为从双相各向异性理论角度深入研究裂缝性储层的地震响应奠定了理论基础.

转换波多次分裂数值模拟与层剥离技术应用

转换波分裂裂缝检测是多波多分量地震勘探的重要价值所在.根据转换波分裂的特点和信息,可以预测裂缝的发育方位和密度.在裂缝油气藏中,这2个参数对提高油气采集率具有重要意义.当研究的目标层以上的盖层中,存在不只一个含裂缝各向异性层时,转换波就会发生多次分裂,上覆各向异性对下层裂缝参数的计算具有较大影响,因此必须估算并补偿分裂的快慢波时差,消去盖层各向异性的影响,以获得更准确的目标层的裂缝信息.通过理论模型正演及实际资料计算分析,研究多层裂缝介质中转换波传播特征及分裂机制,分析转换波R,T分量在多层裂缝各向异性介质中的分裂特征,利用能量比法预测裂缝方位,估算快慢波时差,并做层剥离时差补偿后,提高计算精度.

Research on anisotropy of shale oil reservoir based on rock physics model

Rock physics modeling is implemented for shales in the Luojia area of the Zhanhua topographic depression. In the rock physics model, the clay lamination parameter is introduced into the Backus averaging theory for the description of anisotropy related to the preferred alignment of clay particles, and the Chapman multi-scale fracture theory is used to calculate anisotropy relating to the fracture system. In accordance with geological features of shales in the study area, horizontal fractures are regarded as the dominant factor in the prediction of fracture density and anisotropy parameters for the inversion scheme. Results indicate that the horizontal fracture density obtained has good agreement with horizontal permeability measured from cores, and thus confirms the applicability of the proposed rock physics model and inversion method. Fracture density can thus be regarded as an indicator of reservoir permeability. In addition, the anisotropy parameter of the P-wave is higher than that of the S-wave due to the presence of horizontal fractures. Fracture density has an obvious positive correlation with P-wave anisotropy, and the clay content shows a positive correlation with S-wave anisotropy, which fully shows that fracture density has a negative correlation with clay and quartz contents and a positive relation with carbonate contents.

Numerical modeling of PP- and PS-wave azimuthal anisotropy in HTI media

This study focuses on the factors that may affect the feasibility of performing elliptical anisotropy analysis on azimuthal PP and PS-wave data in HTI media, with the aim of using the modeling results as guidance in real seismic data application. Our results reveal that there is an offset limitation for both PP- and PS-waves in elliptical anisotropy fitting, and that PS-waves show a wider applicable offset range and larger observable azimuthal anisotropy than PP-waves. The major axis of the elliptical fit to the amplitudes of the R-component is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is opposite to that in PP-wave analysis. The azimuthal interval travel time of PS-waves shows a nearly elliptical distribution and the major axis of the fit ellipse is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is same as that in PP-wave analysis. For data within the applicable offset range, the anisotropic magnitude obtained from amplitude and travel time attributes of PP- and PS-waves exhibits a dependence on fracture density, and the major to minor axis ratio of the fit ellipse may be used to infer the relative distribution of fracture densities.

沁水盆地郑庄示范区CRP地震储层预测实践

随着地震勘探技术在沁水盆地的不断深入,从二维到三维,发展到利用CRP(共反射接收点道集)角道集进行煤层气储层预测,使得煤层气储层预测技术方法不断完善。以沁水盆地郑庄示范区为例,三维在精度上明显优于二维,能够较准确地预测煤层的分布范围及厚度情况,但含气性、微裂缝预测精度不理想;而利用CRP角道集数据开展AVO反演、应力场数值模拟及各向异性裂缝检测,效果较显著。预测结果可为该示范区井位部署提供参考依据,为其他地区煤层气地震储层预测提供借鉴。

Research of the electrical anisotropic characteristics of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams

Water flooding disasters are one of the five natural coal-mining disasters that threaten the lives of coal miners. The main causes of this flooding are water-conducting fractured zones within coal seams. However, when resistivity methods are used to detect water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams, incorrect conclusions can be drawn because of electrical anisotropy within the water-conducting fractured zones. We present, in this paper, a new geo-electrical model based on the geology of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams. Factors that influence electrical anisotropy were analyzed, including formation water resistivity, porosity, fracture density, and fracture surface roughness, pressure, and dip angle. Numerical simulation was used to evaluate the proposed electrical method. The results demonstrate a closed relationship between the shape of apparent resistivity and the strike and dip of a fracture. Hence, the findings of this paper provide a practical resistivity method for coal-mining production.

Seismic AVAZ inversion for orthorhombic shale reservoirs in the Longmaxi area, Sichuan

Seismic AVAZ inversion method based on an orthorhombic model can be used to invert anisotropy parameters of the Longmaxi shale gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin..As traditional seismic inversion workfl ow does not suffi ciently consider the infl uence of fracture orientation,we predict fracture orientation using the method based on the Fourier series to correct pre-stacked azimuth gathers to guarantee the accuracy of input data,and then conduct seismic AVAZ inversion based on the VTI constraints and Bayesian framework to predict anisotropy parameters of the shale gas reservoir in the study area.We further analyze the rock physical relation between anisotropy parameters and fracture compliance and mineral content for quantitative interpretation of seismic inversion results.Research results reveal that the inverted anisotropy parameters are related to P-and S-wave respectively,and thus can be used to distinguish the effect of fracture and fl uids by the joint interpretation.Meanwhile high values of anisotropy parameters correspond to high values of fracture compliance,so the anisotropy parameters can refl ect the development of fractures in reservoir.There is two sets of data from different sources,including the content of brittle mineral quartz obtained from well data and the anisotropy parameters inverted from seismic data,also show the positive correlation.This further indicates high content of brittle mineral makes fractures developing in shale reservoir and enhances seismic anisotropy of the shale reservoir.The inversion results demonstrate the characterization of fractures and brittleness for the Longmaxi shale gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin.

P-wave attenuation anisotropy in TI media and its application in fracture parameters inversion

The existence of aligned fractures in fluid-saturated rocks leads to obvious attenuation anisotropy and velocity anisotropy. Attenuation anisotropy analysis can be applied to estimate fracture density and scale, which provide important information for reservoir identification. This paper derives P-wave attenuation anisotropy in the ATI media where the symmetry axis is in the arbitrary direction theoretically and modifies the spectral ratio method to measure attenuation anisotropy in the ATI media, thus avoiding a large measurement error when applied to wide azimuth or full azimuth data. Fracture dip and azimuth can be estimated through attenuation anisotropy analysis. For small-scale fractures, fracture scale and fracture density can be determined with enhanced convergence if velocity and attenuation information are both used. We also apply the modified spectralratio method to microseismic field data from an oilfield in East China and extract the fracture dip through attenuation anisotropy analysis. The result agrees with the microseismie monitoring.

Elastic properties of transversely isotropic rocks containing aligned cracks and application to anisotropy measurement

Currently,most rock physics models,used for evaluating the elastic properties of cracked or fractured media,take into account the crack properties,but not the background anisotropy.This creats the errors of in the anisotropy estimates by using fi eld logging data.In this work,based on the scattered wavefi eld theory,a sphere-equivalency method of elastic wave scattering was developed to accurately calculate the elastic properties of a vertical transversely isotropic solid containing aligned cracks.By setting the scattered wavefi eld due to a crack equal to that due to an equivalent sphere,an eff ective elastic stiff ness tensor was derived for the cracked medium.The stability and accuracy of the approach were determined for varying background anisotropy values.The results show that the anisotropy of the eff ective media is aff ected by cracks and background anisotropy for transversely isotropic background permeated by horizontally aligned cracks,especially for the elastic wave propagating along the horizontal direction.Meanwhile,the crack orientation has a signifi cant infl uence on the elastic wave velocity anisotropy.The theory was subsequently applied to model laboratory ultrasonic experimental data for artifi cially cracked samples and to model borehole acoustic anisotropy measurements.After considering the background anisotropy,the model shows an improvement in the agreement between theoretical predictions and measurement data,demonstrating that the present theory can adequately explain the anisotropic characteristics of cracked media.

Cracking process of rock mass models under uniaxial compression

Anisotropic strength and deformability of the rock mass with non-persistent joints are governed by cracking process of the rock bridges. The dependence of cracking process of jointed rock masses on the two important geometrical parameters, joint orientation and joint persistence, was studied systematically by carrying out a series of uniaxial compression tests on gypsum specimens with regularly arranged multiple parallel pre-existing joints. According to crack position, mechanism and temporal sequence, seven types of crack initiations and sixteen types of crack coalescences, were identified. It was observed that both tensile cracks and shear cracks can emanate from the pre-existing joints as well as the matrix. Vertical joints were included and coplanar tensile cracks initiation and coalescence were observed accordingly. For specimen with joint inclination angle ,8=75~, it was found that collinear joints can be linked not only by coplanar shear cracks but also by mixed tensile-shear cracks, and that a pair of them can form a small rotation block. Seven failure modes, including axial cleavage, crushing, crushing and rotation of new blocks, stepped failure, stepped failure and rotation of new blocks, shear failure along a single plane and shear failure along multiple planes, were observed. These modes shift gradually in accordance with the combined variation of joint orientation and joint persistence. It is concluded that cracking process and failure modes are more strongly affected by joint orientation than by joint persistence, especially when joint inclination angle is larger than 45~. Finally, variations of macroscopic mechanical behaviors with the two geometrical parameters, such as patterns of the complete axial stress-axial strain curves, peak strength and elastic modulus, are summarized and their mechanisms are successfully explained according to their different cracking process.

The edge crack problem for an orthotropic functionally graded strip under concentrated loads

The plane crack problem of an orthotropic functionally graded strip under concentrated loads is studied. The edge crack is perpendicular to the boundary and the elastic property of the material is assumed to vary depending on thickness. By using an integral transform method, the present problem can be reduced to a single integral equation which is solved numerically. The influences of parameters such as the nonhomogeneity constant and the geometry parameters on the stress intensity factors (SIFs) are studied. It is found that the nonhomogeneity constant has important influences on the SIFs.

Seismic inversion for underground fractures detection based on effective anisotropy and fluid substitution

Underground fractures play an important role in the storage and movement of hydrocarbon fluid. Fracture rock physics has been the useful bridge between fracture parameters and seismic response. In this paper, we aim to use seismic data to predict subsurface fractures based on rock physics. We begin with the construction of fracture rock physics model. Using the model, we may estimate P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and fracture rock physics parameters. Then we derive a new approximate formula for the analysis of the relationship between fracture rock physics parameters and seismic response, and we also propose the method which uses seismic data to invert the elastic and rock physics parameters of fractured rock. We end with the method verification, which includes using well-logging data to confirm the reliability of fracture rock physics effective model and utilizing real seismic data to validate the applicability of the inversion method. Tests show that the fracture rock physics effective model may be used to estimate velocities and fracture rock physics parameters reliably, and the inversion method is resultful even when the seismic data is added with random noise. Real data test also indicates the inversion method can be applied into the estimation of the elastic and fracture weaknesses parameters in the target area.