支撑剂嵌入作用下煤岩裂隙压缩性及渗流特性

为探究应力与支撑剂协同作用下煤岩裂隙压缩性及渗透特性,基于赫兹接触理论量化支撑剂的嵌入深度,推导出支撑剂影响下裂隙压缩性的计算式;同时,考虑多因素耦合对煤岩渗透能力的影响,进一步构建渗透率模型,并验证其合理性。研究结果表明:支撑剂嵌入深度与有效应力成正比,且随有效应力的增大,渗透率先减小而后趋于平缓;当气体压力恒定时,支撑剂嵌入使煤岩裂隙压缩性减小,当嵌入深度恒定时,煤岩裂隙压缩性随气体压力的增大而增大;铺置支撑剂的煤岩裂隙渗透率远大于原始状态下的渗透率,但铺置层数越大,增透效果越不明显;所建煤岩裂隙渗透率模型计算值与试验值具有较好的一致性,可有效表征应力与支撑剂作用下的煤岩渗流特性。

煤岩基质-裂隙相互作用下渗透特性研究

为研究煤层气开采过程中温度、气体压力对煤岩吸附和渗流特性的影响,利用等温吸附试验装置与含瓦斯煤三轴渗流试验装置,分别进行等温吸附试验及不同温度条件下变气体压力的三轴渗流试验。考虑应力作用下毛细管分形特征,建立了裂隙体积应力敏感性模型,并在此基础上建立考虑煤基质内部膨胀变形、温度及气体压力变化的煤岩渗透率模型。结果表明:①在相同温度下,随着气体压力升高,煤岩瓦斯吸附量逐渐增大,但吸附速率呈相反趋势。在相同气体压力下,随着温度升高,瓦斯吸附量呈下降趋势。当有效应力恒定时,煤岩吸附变形量随着气体压力增大而增大,并且随着温度增大而减少。②在外部应力作用下,煤岩内部毛细管侧面发生收缩并产生径向延展。新建裂隙体积应力敏感性模型计算得到的裂隙压缩系数与实验室所得值在同一数量级,并随有效应力升高呈下降趋势。③新建渗透率模型能较好反映不同温度、气体压力下渗透率演化规律。在相同温度下,随着气体压力升高,煤岩渗透率先急剧下降后趋于平缓,孔裂隙周围基质膨胀变形对于渗透率的影响逐渐降低。

Effect of fractures on mechanical behavior of sand powder 3D printing rock analogue under triaxial compression

In practical engineering applications,rock mass are often found to be subjected to a triaxial stress state.Concurrently,defects like joints and fractures have a notable impact on the mechanical behavior of rock mass.Such defects are identified as crucial contributors to the failure and instability of the surrounding rock,subsequently impacting the engineering stability.The study aimed to investigate the impact of fracture geometry and confining pressure on the deformation,failure characteristics,and strength of specimens using sand powder 3D printing technology and conventional triaxial compression tests.The results indicate that the number of fractures present considerably influences the peak strength,axial peak strain and elastic modulus of the specimens.Confining pressure is an important factor affecting the failure pattern of the specimen,under which the specimen is more prone to shear failure,but the initiation,expansion and penetration processes of secondary cracks in different fracture specimens are different.This study confirmed the feasibility of using sand powder 3D printing specimens as soft rock analogs for triaxial compression research.The insights from this research are deemed essential for a deeper understanding of the mechanical behavior of fractured surrounding rocks when under triaxial stress state.

沁水盆地煤样静水压力下渗透率实验及模型分析

为研究沁水盆地煤样渗透率演化规律,构建了煤样渗透率测定的瞬态压力脉冲法实验装置,使用N2和CO2在实验室开展了3种试验条件的渗透率测定,应用Connell模型对实验结果进行分析,并讨论了模型预测值和实验值之间差别的原因。结果表明,(1)在恒定孔压变围压条件下渗透率随有效应力增大而减小;在等有效应力条件下,渗透率随孔压增大而减少;在恒定围压变孔压条件下,随孔压增大,渗透率呈先减小后变大的趋势。(2)运用Connell模型预测的恒定围压变孔压条件的渗透率值大于实验值,原因可能是由于裂隙压缩性系数和吸附应变系数存在估计误差。通过开展实验室渗透率实验和模型分析,对指导实验室内二氧化碳封存和气体驱替实验及其模拟研究具有借鉴意义。

围压循环加卸载作用下含瓦斯煤样渗透特性试验研究

煤与瓦斯突出综合假说明确了地应力、瓦斯及煤的物理力学性质对突出发生所起的主体作用。对比研究采动影响下型煤煤样和原煤煤样的渗透率响应特征,对于揭示两种煤样微细观结构损伤演化规律的异同、明确型煤煤样能否代替原煤煤样开展相关试验研究具有重要意义。以原煤煤样和型煤煤样为研究对象,采用自主研发的三轴煤岩渗透率试验系统,进行围压等幅循环加卸载渗流试验,研究渗透率对应力的响应特征。结果表明,两种煤样渗透率对应力的响应特征总体相似,但存在细节差异。①对于2种煤样,渗透率随围压的增大而减小,随围压的减小而增大,且任一次加载过程的渗透率均大于该次卸载过程的渗透率。②原煤煤样的渗透率在低围压阶段变化程度大,在高围压阶段变化程度小,而型煤煤样的渗透率在整个加卸载过程中几乎呈均等变化。③原煤煤样和型煤煤样的渗透率损害率Dk均随加卸载循环次数的增加和瓦斯压力的增加逐渐减小。④原煤煤样和型煤煤样的裂隙压缩系数cf整体上随加卸载次数的增加而减小,随瓦斯压力的增加而增大。⑤原煤煤样的渗透率随瓦斯压力的增加而增大,型煤煤样的渗透率随瓦斯压力的增加而减小。用型煤煤样来代替原煤煤样研究含瓦斯煤的渗流特征是可行的,而且在某些特定场合还具有一定的优越性,但同时也应该注意两种煤样渗透率对应力响应特征的细节差异,以及这些细节差异给试验结果的可靠性所带来的影响。

非平衡解吸状态下页岩气储层渗透率演化机制

为了研究非平衡解吸状态下储层压力和气体解吸对煤系页岩气储层渗透率的影响机制,考虑气体在基质中的动力学扩散作用,提出了非平衡解吸状态下储层基质和裂隙的有效应力−渗透率模型,建立了储层在非平衡解吸状态和单轴应变条件下的渗透率模型。结合储层渗透率和岩样渗透率的现场和室内试验研究,分析了渗透率模型的有效性。结果表明,非平衡解吸状态下的渗透率模型能较好地拟合渗透率试验值。非平衡解吸状态下,孔隙体积模量越小,基质渗透率反弹越急剧;裂隙压缩系数越大,裂隙渗透率下降越急剧。研究了各参数对储层渗透率的影响机制,结果表明,当裂隙压力降至特定值时,随着基质压力的减小,基质渗透率先下降然后反弹,裂隙渗透率逐渐增大;当基质压力降至特定值时,随着裂隙压力的减小,基质渗透率逐渐增大,裂隙渗透率逐渐减小。

考虑动力学扩散作用的煤系气储层渗透率模型

为了预测煤系气开采过程中储层渗透率的演化规律,考虑气体在基质中的动力学扩散作用,基于储层的应力-应变本构关系和渗透率-孔隙率的立方关系,提出了储层的有效应力-渗透率模型,分别建立了储层在常体积和单轴应变条件下的渗透率解析模型。利用现场和实验室测试的渗透率数据,探讨了两种模型的有效性。结果表明,与常体积条件下的渗透率模型和C-M模型相比,单轴应变条件下的渗透率模型能够较好地拟合现场和实验室的渗透率数据,建立渗透率模型须考虑气体在基质中的动力学扩散作用。研究了模型参数对渗透率的影响,结果表明模型参数对渗透率的演化规律以及反弹压力有显著的影响。

煤系气储层渗透率解析模型研究进展

渗透率是评价煤系气商业开采的重要参数之一,为了准确评价煤系气商业开采的可行性,基于天然裂缝性储层的几何模型,以及渗透率和孔隙率的立方关系、渗透率和有效应力之间的指数关系,调研分析了煤系气储层渗透率解析模型的研究现状。对影响煤系气储层渗透率的各个因素进行了分析,结果表明:气体在基质中的动力学扩散作用导致基质压力和裂隙压力不相等;面割理和端割理张开度的差异导致渗透率出现各向异性;储层为非连续介质,弹性模量随有效应力的变化而变化;有效应力系数和裂隙压缩系数对渗透率有明显的影响。基于分析结果,提出了弹性模量、有效应力系数及裂隙压缩系数的测试方法。

保德与韩城地区不同尺度煤样渗透率的应力敏感性试验

选取鄂尔多斯盆地东缘保德与韩城地区的煤样进行不同应力条件下的应力敏感性试验,探讨煤岩尺度对煤的应力敏感性的影响规律。结果表明:小尺度煤样的应力敏感性比大尺度煤样变化更为显著,渗透率变化也更大;经历有效应力的一次升降之后,煤样渗透率均有不同程度的损失,尺度较小的煤样渗透率恢复率要低于大尺度煤样;在有效应力变化率相同时,小尺度煤样的裂隙体积变形大于大尺度煤样,其压缩系数也远高于后者;尺度效应在中低阶煤储层中较中高煤阶储层更为明显;保德区块原生结构煤发育,开发过程中煤层应力敏感性较弱,煤层气产气效果好;韩城区块糜棱煤发育,开发过程中煤层渗透率敏感性增强,煤层气产气效果低;相比于煤样尺度来说,煤阶对煤样的应力敏感性影响小得多。

Crack initiation stress and strain of jointed rock containing multi-cracks under uniaxial compressive loading: A particle flow code approach

The ratio of crack initiation stress to the uniaxial compressive strength(SCI,B/SUC,B) and the ratio of axial strain at the crack initiation stress to the axial strain at the uniaxial compressive strength(B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS) were studied by performing numerical stress analysis on blocks having multi flaws at close spacing's under uniaxial loading using PFC3 D. The following findings are obtained: SCI,B/SUC,B has an average value of about 0.5 with a variability of ± 0.1. This range agrees quite well with the values obtained by former research. For joint inclination angle, β=90°,B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS is found to be around 0.48 irrespective of the value of joint continuity factor, k. No particular relation is found betweenB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS and β; however, the average B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS seems to slightly decrease with increasing k. The variability ofB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS is found to increase with k.Based on the cases studied in this work,B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS ranges between 0.3 and 0.5. This range is quite close to the range of 0.4to 0.6 obtained for SCI,B/SUC,B. The highest variability of ± 0.12 forB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS is obtained for k=0.8. For the remaining k values the variability ofB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS can be expressed within ± 0.05. This finding is very similar to the finding obtained for the variability of SCI,B/SUC,B.

Failure characteristics and its influencing factors of rock-like material with multi-fissures under uniaxial compression

The compression test on rock-like specimens with prefabricated closed multi-fissures made by pulling out the embedded metal inserts in the precured period was done on the servo control uniaxial loading instrument. The influence of fissure inclination angle and distribution density on the failure characteristics of fissure bodies was researched. It was found that, the fissure inclination angle was the major influencing factor on the failure modes of fissure bodies. The different developmental states of micro-cracks would appear on specimens under different fissure inclination angles. However, the influence of fissure distribution density on the failure mode of fissure bodies was achieved by influencing the transfixion pattern of fissures. It was shown by the sliding crack model that, the effective shear, which drove the relative sliding of the fissure, was a function of fissure inclination angle and friction coefficient of the fissure surface. The strain-softening model of fissure bodies was established based on the mechanical parameters that were obtained by the test of rock-like materials under the same experimental condition. And the reliability of experimental results was identified by using this model.

Mechanical properties and cracking behaviors of limestone-like samples with two parallel fissures before and after grouting

In the present work,uniaxial compressive tests were carried out on limestone-like samples containing two parallel open fissures or cement-infilled fissures with different geometries.Mechanical property and crack behavior of limestone-like samples with two parallel open fissures or cement-infilled fissures were affected by bridge inclination angle and fissure inclination angle.Four types of coalescence of rock bridge for samples containing open fissures or cement-infilled fissures were summarized and classified.The closure of tensile crack was observed in the samples with small fissure inclination angle.This is a new phenomenon which is not mentioned in previous studies.Test results show that the peak strength,crack initiation stress,and coalescence type are different between open fissures and cement infilled fissures.The reason for this phenomenon is that grouting of cement can transfer stress and reduce stress concentration at the flaw tip and rock bridge area.

Stress-strain-acoustic responses in failure process of coal rock with different height to diameter ratios under uniaxial compression

Residual coal pillars play an important role in mining the adjacent coal seam safely,managing the gobs and maintaining the stability of abandoned coal mines.The height to diameter ratio(H/D)affects the stability of residual coal pillars.In this study,uniaxial compressive tests of coal specimens with five H/D(2.0,1.5,1.0,0.8 and 0.6)were performed,and the stress,strain and acoustic emission(AE)were monitored.Results show that the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)and peak strain increase with H/D decreasing.An empirical equation is proposed to calculate the UCS based on the H/D.The AE activities during coal failure process can be separated into four periods.The span of quiet period and rapid decline period shorten with H/D decreasing.The smaller the H/D is,the more complicated the failure characteristics of coal will be.The failure form of coal with H/D of 2.0,1.5,and 1.0 is primarily shear failure,while splitting failure along the axial direction is the mainly mode when H/D is 0.8 or 0.6.The initiation,expansion,aggregation and connection of micro-cracks can be reflected by the real-time spatial evolution of AE event points.

Deformability characteristics of jointed rock masses under uniaxial compression

We investigated the combined influence of joint inclination angle and joint continuity factor on deforma- tion behavior of jointed rock mass for gypsum specimens with a set of non-persistent open flaws in uni- axial compression. Complete axial stress-strain curves were classified into four types, i.e., single peak, softening after multi-peak yield platform, hardening after multi-peak yield platform and multi-peak dur- ing softening. Observation of crack evolution on the specimen surface reveals that the deformation behavior is correlated to the closure of pre-existing joint, development of fractures in rock matrix and teeth shearing of the shear plane. To investigate the brittleness of the specimens, the ratio of the residual strength to the maximum peak strength as well as the first and last peak strains were studied. At the same joint inclination angle, the ratios between residual strength and the maximum peak strength and the last peak strains increased while the first peak strain decreased with the increase of joint continuity factor. At the same joint continuity factor, the curves of the three brittleness parameters vs. joint inclina- tion angle can either be concave or convex single-oeak or wave-shaoed.

An experimental investigation of failure mechanical behavior in cylindrical granite specimens containing two non-coplanar open fissures under different confining pressures

Fissures play a significant role in predicting the unstable failure of rock mass engineering.For deep rock underground engineering,rock mass containing pre-existing fissures is usually located in triaxial stress state.Therefore,not only pre-existing fissure but also confining pressure affects the failure mechanical behavior of rock material.In this research,the granite specimens containing two non-coplanar open fissures were investigated by a series of conventional triaxial compression tests.First,the effect of bridge angle and confining pressure on strength and deformation characteristics of granite specimens was evaluated.Results show that the triaxial compressive strength,failure axial strain,and crack damage threshold increased nonlinearly with confining pressure.Under high confining pressures,elastic modulus was insensitive to bridge angle.Then,an X-ray micro-CT scanning technique was used to analyze the internal fracture characteristics of granite specimens with respect to various bridge angles and confining pressures.Five typical crack coalescence modes were identified,namely,indirect coalescence,shear coalescence and three types of tensile coalescence.The reconstructed 3-D CT images indicated that under uniaxial or low confining pressures,the bridge angle had a significant effect on crack evolution behavior,while under high confining pressures,shear-dominated failures occurred with the development of anti-wing cracks.