准噶尔盆地南缘西部山前褶皱—冲断带构造分带特征及形成演化

准噶尔盆地南缘西部构造呈新的构造叠置特征和复杂的复合叠加构造样式,叠加构造在空间分布上具有明显的分带特征。根据野外地质调查和地震解释资料,采用平衡剖面恢复、楔型构造理论和构造地质学分析方法,研究复杂叠加构造变形差异及分带特征。结果表明:准噶尔盆地南缘西部发育受基底卷入与顺层滑脱联合与差异控制下的空间断褶体系,褶皱发育受断层控制,褶皱与断层相互叠加形成构造楔、双重构造、突发构造等复合构造样式,表现为多期活动特征。研究区按构造变形性质及变形差异可划分为山前逆冲推覆构造带、基底卷入型褶皱—冲断带、盖层滑脱型褶皱—冲断带3个构造带;其中,基底卷入型褶皱—冲断带与第一排断褶带重合,受控于基底卷入型断裂体系,发育基底卷入式大型构造楔、背形堆垛式双重构造与前倾双重构造,背斜轴线与断层线平面重合度高;盖层滑脱型褶皱—冲断带包括第二和第三排断褶带,受控于顺层滑脱型断裂体系,发育断展褶皱,背斜轴线与断层线平面重合度低,构造垂向上具有分层差异,构造变形程度自南向北表现为由强至弱。挤压应力作用的时期和强度、滑脱断层的向北滑脱、构造楔的楔入长度及推挤距离、滑脱层的厚度和上覆地层厚度,以及沉积时代、沉积速率和岩性差异等因素是引起研究区构造垂向分层、南北分带的原因。该结果对明确研究区构造发育及下一步油气地质勘探具有指导意义。

运动速度对褶皱—冲断带的构造变形样式的影响分析——来自硅胶和石英砂组合模型的模拟启示

运动速度与构造样式之间或许存在一定的内在联系,充分认识它们之间的关系对理解自然界的构造变形演化过程具有十分重要意义。为此,笔者等结合野外露头观察,开展了脆—韧性结构条件下,不同的变形速率对褶皱—冲断带的构造样式影响的物理模拟测试分析。结果表明:(1)高应形速率形成以前冲为主的构造样式,中等应形速率形成以前冲和后冲为主的构造样式,而低应形速率则形成以纯后冲为主的构造样式。(2)构造变形样式的差异主要是物质内部的应力状态所决定的:褶皱—冲断带的根带,脆性层剪应力大于基底韧性层的剪应力,形成以前冲断裂为主的构造样式;而褶皱—冲断带的中段和前缘地区,脆性层的剪应力和基底韧性层的剪应力较为接近,形成后冲和对称性冲起构造为主。(3)构造地质体的变形速率很可能决定了其存在的物质状态。葡萄牙南部滨岸带的布丁构造和北美卡斯卡底古陆的纯后冲构造等特殊的构造样式极有可能是在差异的变形速率下形成。

Applications of variogram modeling to electrical resistivity data for the occurrence and distribution of saline groundwater in Domail Plain,northwestern Himalayan fold and thrust belt,Pakistan

This paper studies electrical resistivity dataset acquired for a groundwater study in the Domail Plain in the northwestern Himalayan section of Pakistan. Through a combination of geostatistical analysis,geophysical inversion and visualization techniques,it is possible to re-model and visualize the single dimension resistivity data into 2D and 3D space.The variogram models are utilized to extend the interpretation of the data and to distinguish individual lithologic units and the occurrence of saline water within the subsurface. The resistivity data has been calibrated with the lithological logs taken from the available boreholes. As such the alluvial system of the Domail Plain has formed during episodes of local tectonic activity with fluvial erosion and depositionyielding coarse sediments with high electrical resistivities near to the mountain ranges and finer sediments with medium to low electrical resistivities which tend to settle in the basin center. Thus a change is depositional setting happened from basin lacustrine environment to flash flooding during the Himalayan orogeny. The occurrence of rock salt in the northern mountains has imparted a great influence on the groundwater quality of the study area. The salt is dissolved by water which infiltrates into the subsurface through the water channels. Variogram aided gridding of resistivity data helps to identify the occurrence and distribution of saline water in the subsurface.