论提高西南森林航空消防效益的途径

西南地区森林防火工作的需求和西南森林航空消防效益低下,是西南森林航空消防发展中所遇到的突出矛盾。从现有关于森林航空消防效益的研究入手,着重进行概念的分析和比较,提出森林航空消防效益评价标准的结构,并通过对影响效益的重要因子分析,有针对性地提出相关的策略性建议,即在新形势下提高西南森林航空消防效益的途径。

用科学发展观指导“十一五”期间西南森林航空消防的建设和发展

以科学发展观为指导,分析和审视了西南森林航空消防的发展历程、现状及“十五”期间存在的问题,提出了“十一五”期间西南森林航空消防建设和发展的策略,走中国特色西南特点的森林航空消防之路,逐步建立起科学化、标准化、规范化、现代化的西南森林航空消防体系。

论西南森林航空消防近期发展规划

通过分析西南森林航空消防的发展现状及存在的困难,提出破解问题的方向和路径,并落实在"十二五"规划中,提出通过重点建设项目的实施推动西南森林航空消防事业又好又快发展,逐步建立起适应南方森林防火工作需求的科学化、标准化、规范化、现代化的森林航空消防体系。

川西南森林可燃物分布调研及潜在火行为研究

以川西南地区森林为研究对象,实地调研了凉山州木里县6种植被类型不同层次的可燃物特征和空间分布,运用BehavePlus软件模拟探究不同燃烧条件下潜在火行为。研究结果表明:由于燃料床厚度较低,林下层无灌木和草本的林分可燃物模型无法形成稳定蔓延的地表火,而林下覆盖有灌木层或草本层的林分模型可燃物垂直分布连续性较好,可形成高强度地表火,同时能形成稳定燃烧的遍燃型树冠火。地表火蔓延速度、火线强度、火焰高度、树冠火转化率等潜在火行为均随风速和坡度增加而增加,且增长幅度与燃料床厚度和高度相关,树冠火蔓延速度随风速增加大体呈指数型增长。

中国西南山地森林演替模型的参数估计与模拟检验

以气候因子(温度和降水)为主要驱动变量对森林演替进行模拟预测的数学方法,将土壤演替与树木演变结合起来,采用随机过程模拟气候波动及单木生长、死亡的不确定性,实现了西南山区森林个体与群落的动态仿真。在野外调查和文献调研的基础上筛选出了西南山地森林40个代表性树种,确定了各树种的17个特征参数,进行了参数估计。在贡嘎山、色季拉山和高黎贡山3个重点林区进行了模型验证。结果表明:模型可以准确地再现贡嘎山泥石流迹地森林原生演替的过程;模型可以比较准确地反映贡嘎山、色季拉山和高黎贡山不同海拔的森林树种组成;在3个地点的模拟结果都与当地顶级森林的垂直分布规律相一致。SFSM模型取得了较好的验证结果,对于我国西南山区天然林更新与保护,提供了关键的评价理论与预测技术。

气候变化对贡嘎山森林原生演替影响的模拟研究

林窗模型是研究森林生态系统对全球气候变化响应的有效工具。应用贡嘎山森林演替模型(GFSM)模拟气候变化对贡嘎山东坡冰川退缩和泥石流迹地森林演替过程的影响,并根据IPCC第4次评估报告,选择最具代表性的3种气候变化情景(B1、A1B和A2),比较分析了不同情景下森林树种组成、优势树种径级结构和林地土壤碳氮动态特征。结果表明:维持目前气候状况不变时,贡嘎山东坡冰川退缩和泥石流形成的迹地,经过典型的川滇柳、冬瓜杨和桦树先锋群落演替阶段,最终将恢复为冷杉林。若气候变化情景(A1B和A2)发生,繁殖能力和耐性较强的树种,如高山松和桦树,可能取代喜冷湿环境的冷杉,成为这一地区的优势树种。届时,森林生物量和土壤碳氮含量将随优势树种的改变而下降。不同气候情景之间的模拟结果存在一定的差别,若B1情景发生,迹地还会恢复为冷杉林,但是其抗干扰能力和稳定性明显下降。总之,无论哪种气候情景发生,都将不利于冷杉林的恢复和更新。

Summer-autumn habitat use by Galliformes in a primary forest,southeastern Tibet

Habitat use by Galliformes in an ornithologically unexplored region,a forest area in southeastern Tibet,was investigated during the summer and autumn periods of 1995.A total of seven species were recorded,most of which preferred habitats on south-facing slopes and avoided those on north-facing slopes where conditions were relatively humid.A hybrid population of White (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) versus Tibetan Eared-pheasants (C.harmani) was predominant among the Galliforme community,followed by Blood Pheasants (Ithaginis cruentus) and Chinese Grouse (Bonasa sewerzowi).A further investigation in 2001 showed that on account of little human activity in the distant primary forests,the birds suffered less of a threat from hunting and habitat disturbance.

Soil Microbial Population Dynamics along a Chronosequence of Moist Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest Succession in Southwestern China

Little is known about whether soil microbial population dynamics are correlated with forest succession.To test the hypotheses that(1) soil microbial composition changes over successional stages,and(2) soil microbial diversity is positively correlated with plant species diversity,we determined the soil microbial populations,community composition,and microflora diversity in evergreen broad-leaved forests along a chronosequence of vegetation succession from 5 to 300 years in southwestern China.The soil microbial community was mainly composed of bacteria(87.1-98.7% of the total microorganisms and 10 genera identified),fungi(0.3-4.0%,7 genera),and actinomycetes(2.1-9.1%,8 species and 1 genus).There were significant differences in soil microbial populations among different successional stages and within the four seasons.The seasonal variations of the soil microbial community may be associated with the seasonal changes in environmental conditions.The changes in soil microbial diversity(Shannon-Wiener index) with successional time followed one-humped,convex curves peaked at-100 years since restoration,which is identical with the trends of the aboveground plant diversity.Higher plant diversity resulting in enhanced nutrient flow and root exudation may contribute to positive relationships between the soil microbial diversity and plant diversity.Hence,decreases in soil microbial diversity in the late-successional stages appear to be related to the net loss in species richness that occurs after 100 years since restoration.Our findings confirm the intermediate disturbance hypothesis that suggests diversity peaks at midsuccessional stages.

Reforestation Programs in Southwest China:Reported Success,Observed Failure, and the Reasons Why

Ever since the disastrous floods of 1998, the Chinese government has used the Natural Forest Protection and Sloping Land Conversion Programs to promote afforestation and reforestation as means to reduce runoff, control erosion, and stabilize local livelihoods. These two ambitious programs have been reported as large-scale successes, contributing to an overall increase in China’s forest cover and to the stated goals of environmental stabilization. A small-scale field study at the project level of the implementation of these two programs in Baiwu Township, Yanyuan County, Sichuan, casts doubt upon the accuracy and reliability of these claims of success; ground observations revealed utter failure in some sites and only marginal success in others. Reasons for this discrepancy are posited as involving ecological, economic, and bureaucratic factors. Further research is suggested to determine whether these discrepancies are merely local aberrations or represent larger-scale failures in reforestation programs.

Effect of Land Use Change on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Da River Basin of Hoa Binh province, Northwest Vietnam

The objective of this study was to assess runoff discharge and sediment yield from Da River Basin in the Northwest of Vietnam using Soil and Water Assessment Tools(SWAT) model.The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using the observed monthly stream flows and sediment yield at selected gauging stations.The results indicated that SWAT generally performs well in simulating runoff and sediment yield according to Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE), Observation's standard deviation ratio(RSR), and percent bias(PBIAS) values.For runoff, the values of NSE, RSR, and PBIAS were 0.98,0.02, and 3.69 during calibration period and 0.99,0.01, and 1.56 during validation period, respectively.For sediment yield, the efficiency was lower than the value of NSE, RSR, and PBIAS during calibration period were 0.81, 0.19, and-4.14 and 0.84, 0.16, and-2.56 during validation period, respectively.The results of the study indicated that the vegetation status has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield.Changes in land use type between 1995 and2005 from forest to field crop and urban strongly contributed to increasing the average annual runoff from 182.5 to 342.7 mm and sediment yield from101.3 to 148.1 ton-1 ha.Between 2005 and 2010, adecrease of both runoff(from 342.7 to 167.6 mm) and sediment yield(from 148.1 to 74.0 ton-1 ha) was due to the expansion of forested area and application of soil conservation practices.The results of this study are important for developing soil and water conservation programs, extending future SWAT modelling studies and disseminating these results to other regions in Vietnam.

Low net primary productivity of dominant tree species in a karst forest, southwestern China： first evidences from tree ring width and girth increment

Aboveground net primary productivity(ANPP)of two dominant species, one deciduous tree(Platycarya strobilacea) and one evergreen tree(Machilus cavaleriei),was estimated based on the tree-ring width and the girth increment as well as allometric functions in a karst evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest in central Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Results showed that the ANPP increased from 1961 to 2015, especially during the last 20–30 years, but with strong variations. The deciduous tree had higher ANPP than the evergreen tree according to two kinds of estimates by the tree ring and girth increment. The averaged ANPP for these two mature trees was 2.27 kg/individual/year, ca. 8 t/ha/year considering the normal stand density. Such karst forest productivity was lower than the natural subtropical forests in China and in the world.

Effects of Topographical and Edaphic Factors on the Distribution of Plant Communities in two Subtropical Karst Forests,Southwestern China

Relationships between topography,soil properties and the distribution of plant communities on two different rocky hillsides are examined in two subtropical karst forests in the Maolan National Natural Reserve,southwestern China.Surveys of two 1-ha permanent plots at each forest,and measurements of four topographic and thirteen edaphic factors on the slopes were performed.Twoway Indicator Species Analysis(TWINSPAN) and Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis(DCCA) were used for the classification of plant communities and for vegetation ordination with environmental variables.One hundred 10m×10m quadrats in each plot were classified into four plant community types.A clear altitudinal gradient suggested that elevation was important in community differentiation.The topography and soil explained 51.06% and 54.69% of the variability of the distribution of plant species in the two forest plots,respectively,indicating both topographic factors(eg.elevation,slope and rock-bareness rate) and edaphic factors(e.g.total P,K and exchangeable Ca) were the important drivers of the distribution of woody plant species in subtropical karst forest.However,our results suggested that topographical factors were more important than edaphic ones in affecting local plant distribution on steep slopes with extensive rock outcrops,while edaphic factors were more influential on gentle slope and relatively thick soil over rock in subtropical karst forest.Understanding relationships between vegetation and environmental factors in karst forest ecosystems would enable us to apply these findings in vegetation management strategies and restoration of forest communities.

Influence of Human Pressure on Forest Resources and Productivity at Stand and Tree Scales: The Case Study of Yunnan Pine in SW China

This paper examines human impact on stands and individual trees of Pinus yunnanensis growing near the small mountain villages of Pianshui and Yangjuan in southwestern Sichuan Province,China.In an effort to assess whether use of these forests was sustainable,we examined the effects of human use in two ways.First,we directly measured the effect of cutting branches,for fuel and fodder,on tree growth.We hypothesized that branch cutting would negatively impact tree growth.We established 12 plots on four hills and compared 14 pairs of trees,one tree in each pair with an apparently full crown and the other with a considerable portion of the crown removed.Second,we assessed stand and tree properties over a 500 m elevation gradient above the villages where we hypothesized that as elevation increases,stand and tree properties should show fewer human impacts.Although extensive branch cutting reduced the live crown,tree height and diameter,compensatory processes likely enabled trees to recover and to add basal area increments(BAIs) similar to those added by trees with full crowns.Trees and stands close to villages showed less growth and lower basal areas,respectively,than stands and trees at intermediate or distant elevations from villages.Areas relatively close to the villages showed considerable effects of human-related disturbances such as branch cutting,grazing,tree and shrub removal,losses of litter,and human and animal trails.Such areas had increased soil erosion and often loss of the ‘A' horizon.Stands close to villages had younger trees,lower stand basal areas,smaller basal area increments,and more stumps.Our results suggest an increasingly vulnerable interface between occupants of these two villages and their surrounding forests.

Ecologically-Based Production Systems： Production of Banana in the Atlantic Forest in the State of Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

This paper analyzes the performance and operation of ecologically-based production systems in the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil in an integrated approach to their multifunctional characteristics and rural development. Nowadays the Atlantic Forest is considered the most threatenet biome, because of exploitation of their biological resources and unsuitable agricultural purposes. Banana cultivation is one of biggest commercial productions in atlantic south portion of forest, showing two different cropping systems： one using conventional management tehniques and other antagonistic, ecological based. The ecological system is compatible with the conservation of sustainable use of forests. The article presents a comparative analysis-diagnosis of major production and cultivation systems of banana, using the production systems approach, with evaluation of economic and technical indicators. The database is composed by 17 interviews conducted under field conditions in 2007. As a result, the technical and economic functioning of ecological systems demonstrate achieve economic efficiency, in general, higher than conventional systems. Furthermore, some key characteristics of ecological based systems focus on food production and income generation for farmers without harming areas of the Atlantic Forest, being in equilibrium with tropical dynamic and being an important instrument for the restoration of degraded ecosystems and for local development.

Study and Application of Fuel-breaks in Southwest China

All of the plants can be combusted. The mechanism of forest belts resistance is that the tree specieswerent liable to be burned compared with other plant species. In this paper new concepts on fire resistanttrees and fuel-breaks trees were presented. The fire resistance mechanism includes 3 aspects, fire-resistanttree species, rational construction forest belts and environment. Tree crowns can resist fire forwarding.Forest belts can form the environment, which is not easy to fire, and also make fuels distributed discontinuous.The network of forest belts has large area of conifer forest segregated. The ideal fire resistant tree species hadbetter to embrace some characteristics, such as high fire resistance, rational planting and biological characteristics.

Southeast Tibet Forest Fuel Types and Flammability

Southeast Tibet forest is in east subtropical zone. This region natural environment is unique, influenced by the southwest monsoon, so forest fires are very easy to occur in the dry season. Forest in this region is over mature forest, and accounts for much proportion. Fire season in this area is winter and spring. But in the special year, forest fires can also occur in the hot summer. Fire season lasts from October to next February,but to April in an individual arid year. Most of the fires in this area are surface fires, crown fire, can occur after long time drought. Ground fires do not occur in the region.