敦煌西土沟遗址冶金遗物研究

对甘肃敦煌西土沟遗址7个地点的18个炉渣、9个矿石、27个金属颗粒共计54个样品进行了扫描电镜观测。认定大部分炉渣是氧化矿石直接冶炼红铜的,少量炉渣是冶炼含砷合金的;仅检测到含有少量硫化矿物的铜氧化矿石和绿松石;金属颗粒则具有红铜、砷铜、锡铜、锑铜(砷)、铅锡铜、锡铅铜(砷)、锡铅(铜)等多种成分组合。在一个炉渣样品中发现有砷酸钙,在一个金属颗粒中发现有砷氧化物。金属颗粒多次发现有银、铋、锑及锡氧化物。基于上述发现,对西土沟遗址的冶炼技术进行了推断,认为该遗址主要使用铜氧化矿石冶炼红铜,再配以含砷、锡等合金元素的矿料进一步冶炼获得各种合金。在第2地点与炉渣共出的木炭的碳十四年代测定结果为3470±35BP,Ox Cal v3.10校正为1890—1690BC(95.4%)。

甘肃敦煌西土沟遗址调查试掘简报

Archaeology Department of North-West University Gansu Provincial Institute of Archaeology Dunhuang City’s Museum abstract Xitugou site is situated at the west bank of Xitugou river,near Nanhu forest farm,Dunhuang city,in Gansu province.In August,2001,the site was invested generally.Pairs of gravel stack,4 ancient sites and 7 remins are discovered.There are some color pottery and grey—brown-pottery,some pot,tub.ect. The new materials are important to makeing out relation among “Banshan culture”,“Machang culture ” and “Siba culture”,as well as color pottery cultural relation among Gansu,Qinghai, Xinjiang .

敦煌西土沟沙漠洪水资源开发利用模式及成效分析

收集研究区域内雨量站历年降水量资料,水文站历年径流系列资料以及历年最大洪峰流量、洪水总量成果资料及西土沟敦煌沙漠水文实验研究站实测水文资料,调查该区域内洪水沟道的历史最大洪水。用水文学原理和方法对洪峰流量和洪水总量变化规律进行统计分析,结合敦煌西土沟流域灾害综合治理工程实施情况估算区域水资源可利用量,提出沙漠洪水资源开发利用新模式。结果表明:西土沟流域洪水灾害综合治理工程的实施探索出导流+分洪+工程防护的洪水资源开发利用模式、拦蓄洪水产生地下径流利用模式和沙漠冷水虹鳟鱼养殖到葡萄种植的区域水资源重复利用模式;有效遏制了研究区内沙漠的进一步推进并可显著增加流域内可利用水资源量,实现了区域生态治理与经济发展的良性循环。

敦煌市西土沟历史洪水调查分析计算

西土沟流域上游地处祁连山西端和阿尔金山东端区域,每年汛期来自肃北、阿克塞和当地的洪水沿西土沟流域北下,造成阳关每到汛期洪水泛滥成灾,洪水携带的泥石流不仅污染了当地赖以生存的唯一水源,还造成水资源的严重破坏。对西土沟流域历史洪水进行调查分析,为流域综合治理和山洪(泥石流)灾害防治提供技术支撑。

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Soil Nitrogen Distribution under Different Land Uses in a Watershed in the Hilly Area of Purple Soil,China

Quantification of soil spatial and temporal variability at watershed scale is important in ecological modeling, precision agriculture, and natural resources management. The spatio-temporal variations of soil nitrogen under different land uses in a small watershed （12.10 km^2） in the hilly area of purple soil at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in southwestern China were investigated by using conventional statistics, geostatistics, and a geographical information system in order to provide information for land management and control of environmental issues. A total of 552 soil samples （o to 15 cm） from 276 sites within the watershed were collected in April and August of 2o11, and analyzed for soil total nitrogen （STN） and nitrate nitrogen （NO3-N）. We compared spatial variations of STN and NO3-N under different land uses as well as the temporal variations in April （dry season） and August （rainy season）. Results showed that STN contents were deeply affected by land-use types; median STN values ranged from 0.94to 1.27g.kg-I, and STN contents decreased in the following order： paddy field 〉 foresfland 〉 sloping cropland. No significant difference was found for STN contents between April and August under the same land use. However, NO3- N contents were 23.26, 10.58, and 26.19 mg·kg^-1 in April, and 1.34, 8.51, and 3.00 mg·kg^-1 in August for the paddy field, sloping cropland and forestland, respectively. Nugget ratios for STN indicatedmoderate spatial dependence in the paddy field and sloping cropland, and a strong spatial dependence in forestland. The processes of nitrogen movement, transformation, absorption of plant were deeply influenced by land use types; as a result, great changes of soil nitrogen levels at spatial and temporal scales were demonstrated in the studied watershed.

Analysis of Comprehensive Benefits of Transforming Slope Farmland to Terraces on the Loess Plateau:A Case Study of the Yangou Watershed in Northern Shaanxi Province,China

De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years to improve environment and prevent soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau.There are different views about the defarming method,and also various de-farming patterns have been put into practice.This paper takes the Yangou Watershed in Shaanxi Province of China as a case for studying the comprehensive benefits of transforming slope farmland to terraces.Based on the day-by-day meteorological data of the Yan'an station in 2005 and the data of terrain features,soil and land use data of the Yangou Watershed,the impact of transforming slope farmland on terraces were simulated and analyzed in aspects of yield increase and water-soil conservation under different topographic conditions with the aid of software WIN-YIELD.Furthermore,an empirical analysis was applied to study the effects of transforming slope farmland to terraces in the Yangou Watershed.The results show that:(1) The bigger the topographic gradient is,the more remarkable benefits it has in yield increase and water-soil conservation.(2) Farmland with slope below 5° could be retained,but farmland with slope above 15° should be converted to forest or grassland as soon as possible.(3) Transforming slope farmland to terraces has the same remarkable effects as the current policy of "Relieving and de-farming" in improving agricultural production conditions,safeguarding food security,raising permanent vegetation coverage rate,and preventing soil and water loss.Besides,it is more cost-effective than the policy of "Relieving and de-farming".It's strongly suggested that the policy of transforming slope farmland to terraces be carried out on the Loess Plateau without delay.

Soil Organic Carbon Pools in Particle-Size Fractions as Affected by Slope Gradient and Land Use Change in Hilly Regions,Western Iran

This study was conducted to explore the effects of topography and land use changes on particulate organic carbon(POC),particulate total nitrogen(PTN),organic carbon(OC) and total nitrogen(TN) associated with different size primary particle fractions in hilly regions of western Iran.Three popular land uses in the selected site including natural forest(NF),disturbed forest(DF) and cultivated land(CL) and three slope gradients(0-10 %,S1,10-30 %,S2,and 30-50%,S3) were employed as the basis of soil sampling.A total of 99 soil samples were taken from the 0-10 cm surface layer in the whole studied hilly region studied.The results showed that the POC in the forest land use in all slope gradients was considerably more than the deforested and cultivated lands and the highest value was observed at NF-S1 treatment with 9.13%.The values of PTN were significantly higher in the forest land use and in the down slopes(0.5%) than in the deforested and cultivated counterparts and steep slopes(0.09%) except for the CL land use.The C:N ratios in POC fraction were around 17-18 in the forest land and around 23 in the cultivated land.In forest land,the silt-associated OC was highest among the primary particles.The enrichment factor of SOC,EC,was the highest for POC.For the primary particles,EC of both primary fractions of silt and clay showed following trend for selected land uses and slope gradients:CL> DF> NF and S3 > S2> S1.Slope gradient of landscape significantly affected the OC and TN contents associated with the silt and clay particles,whereas higher OC and TN contents were observed in lower positions and the lowest value was measured in the steep slopes.Overall,the results showed that native forest land improves soil organic carbon storage and can reduce the carbon emission and soil erosion especially in the mountainous regions with high rainfall in west of Iran.

Relationships between Soil Depth and Terrain Attributes in a Semi Arid Hilly Region in Western Iran

Soil depth generally varies in mountainous regions in rather complex ways.Conventional soil survey methods for evaluating the soil depth in mountainous and hilly regions require a lot of time,effort and consequently relatively large budget to perform.This study was conducted to explore the relationships between soil depth and topographic attributes in a hilly region in western Iran.For this,one hundred sampling points were selected using randomly stratified methodology,and considering all geomorphic surfaces including summit,shoulder,backslope,footslope and toeslope;and soil depth was actually measured.Eleven primary and secondary topographic attributes were derived from the digital elevation model(DEM) at the study area.The result of multiple linear regression indicated that slope,wetness index,catchment area and sediment transport index,which were included in the model,could explain about 76 % of total variability in soil depth at the selected site.This proposed approach may be applicable to other hilly regions in the semi-arid areas at a larger scale.

河西内陆河浅山区流域蒸散发估算及干旱特性研究

为了揭示河西内陆河浅山区小流域的蒸散发及干旱特征,以敦煌西土沟流域为例,利用常规气象数据,通过Penman-Monteith公式计算西土沟流域8个观测站点的潜在蒸散发,再此基础上利用双作物系数法计算出各个观测站点的作物系数,由此计算出实际蒸散发,并计算了该流域的SPEI(标准化降水蒸散发指数)。结果表明:(1)西土沟流域年潜在蒸散发量和实际蒸散发量分别为978 mm、258 mm;上游到下游随海拔下降,潜在蒸散发和实际蒸散发随之呈现不同程度的上升趋势;(2)该流域下游干旱持续时间较长,整个生长季都会出现不同程度的干旱,秋季是干旱发生的主要季节;(3)流域上游的降水量大于实际蒸散发量,中下游实际蒸散发量大于降水量;(4)利用NDVI值计算的作物系数Kc值在实际蒸散发的估算中有较好的适用性,在内陆河浅山区小流域的干旱评估中,干旱指数SPEI比SPI(标准化降水指数)和PDSI(帕尔默干旱指数)指数更有优势。本研究计算出了西土沟流域的潜在和实际蒸散发,并评估了该流域的月尺度及季节尺度的干旱特征,为该流域特别是中下游的生产生活用水提供指导,并得到适用于整个河西内陆河浅山区无资料河流的普适性规律。