西方人类学界万物有灵论研究述评

万物有灵论于1871年由英国人类学家泰勒提出,是人类学、民族学、宗教学等学科领域的重要概念之一。万物有灵论即关于“灵性存在”的一般信仰,牵涉生物的灵魂与其他精灵、神灵。继泰勒之后,朗格、马雷特对万物有灵论进行了深入推进与修正批评。20世纪90年代,德斯科拉、卡斯特罗等人基于南美印第安人的相关研究,重新定义万物有灵论为一种本体论类型,即人们认同自身与他者在内里(灵魂)相同、相通,而外身(肉体)存在差异、区分。随后,这种所谓的新万物有灵论研究扩展到世界其他地域与其他学科。新旧万物有灵论的转换,实质是其由一种泛化的“宗教性”转向区域化、实体化的“本体论”,见证了人类学学科内部的一种重要变化。

The Limit to the Liberty of Expression in the Western World from the Perspective of Jurisprudence

The liberty of expression is one of the most important values in the human society, and a tolerant, unconstrained social atmosphere can provide personal development with a healthy and harmonious environment. Since the modern times, the liberty of expression has been gradually deemed by academic circles and all walks of life as a basic human right, and also has been fixed as a basic right of citizens through the legal form. The purpose of this paper is to clearly analyze the kernel and value of the liberty of expression through a historical review, so as to specifically sort out the development course of the liberty of expression and also excavate its implied meanings. In addition, the embodiment of the liberty of expression in both theory and practice since the modern times is analyzed around the limit theory of the liberty of expression, and then the opinions of the author are drawn up. Thus, some new ideas and views are provided for the future development of the liberty of expression from a new perspective.