再论Matteo Ricci之汉名“利玛窦”及尊名“西泰”

耶稣会传教士Matteo Ricci(1552-1610)进入中国后,为了适应本土文化,替自己起了汉名"利玛窦"和尊名"西泰"。但"利玛窦"这一中文名出现的时间、来源和意义,以及尊名"西泰"到底是字还是号,历来众说纷纭、莫衷一是。在前人研究的基础上,根据《利学资料》中的一些细节、方济会士利安定神父的一封信以及意大利语语音规则,并通过查阅三类中西文史料:明朝宫廷记录、利玛窦友人为其汉文作品所作的序言以及利氏本人的记载,证明"利玛窦"这一汉名取自1585年之前,是由其原名"Matteo Ricci"根据意大利语发音音译而来,并参照中国姓名文化而最终确定的。其中,"利"为姓,"玛窦"为名。其尊名"西泰"为号,取自1585年8月到11月间。

蒸花取露:西方药露知识及蒸馏技术在中国的传播

香料是古代“丝绸之路”上最主要的商品之一。西方的香料自汉代开始传入中国,在唐宋时期尤盛,其中有一种来自阿拉伯地区的蔷薇露,深受时人青睐,但阿拉伯通过蒸馏制取蔷薇露的方法并未在中国被全面接受。阿拉伯的蒸馏技术传入欧洲后,与本草知识结合,于16世纪产生一场以蒸馏为标志的“医药革命”。明末入华耶稣会士熊三拔以当时欧洲著作为底本,编译《药露说》(附于《泰西水法》刊行),专门对药露的功用及蒸馏技术进行了详细的介绍,不仅使欧洲药露知识在中国得以广泛传播,也使蒸花取露的技术在中国落地生根。中国士人继而以各种花草制作了名目繁多的药露,药露亦逐渐被吸纳为中药制剂的一部分。西方药露及蒸馏技术在中国的传播,反映了阿拉伯、欧洲、中国之间错综复杂的文化交流。

Breeding, Nursing and Biology of Thai Mahseer （Tor tamboides） in Malaysia： An Overview

The Thai mahseer is one of the high-value freshwater fish species, especially m Malaysia where it is cultured commercially but poorly known in Thailand. This paper reviews a recent knowledge necessary for commercial culture of Thai mahseer based on the breeding and rearing practices in Malaysia. Breeding data shows that this species can be spawned all year round. On average, the size of mature female that can be induced to spawn is 678 mm total length （TL） and 3,817 g in weight and the size of mature male is 599 mm TL and 2,414 g in weight. Induced spawning using an analogue of sGnRH Ovaprim at 0.5 ml/kg body weight （BW） is the most successful hormone treatment and dosage for Thai mahseer. The average number of eggs is 875 egg/kg BW. Eggs of the Thai mahseer are spherical, demersal and non-sticky, and hatching occurs 69-90 hours post-fertilization. At 60 weeks of age, average body weight is 179 g. Polynomial regression analysis revealed a maximum specific growth rate at 48% dietary protein. General biology, water quality requirements, feeding strategies and genetic structure of the Thai mahseer are also summarized in this paper.

Coupled 2D Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport Modeling of Megaflood due to Glacier Dam-break in Altai Mountains,Southern Siberia

One of the largest known megafloods on earth resulted from a glacier dam-break,which occurred during the Late Quaternary in the Altai Mountains in Southern Siberia.Computational modeling is one of the viable approaches to enhancing the understanding of the flood events.The computational domain of this flood is over 9460 km2 and about 3.784 × 106 cells are involved as a 50 m × 50 m mesh is used,which necessitates a computationally efficient model.Here the Open MP(Open Multiprocessing) technique is adopted to parallelize the code of a coupled 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model.It is shown that the computational efficiency is enhanced by over 80% due to the parallelization.The floods over both fixed and mobile beds are well reproduced with specified discharge hydrographs at the dam site.Qualitatively,backwater effects during the flood are resolved at the bifurcation between the Chuja and Katun rivers.Quantitatively,the computed maximum stage and thalweg are physically consistent with the field data of the bars and deposits.The effects of sediment transport and morphological evolution on the flood are considerable.Sensitivity analyses indicate that the impact of the peak discharge is significant,whilst those of the Manningroughness,medium sediment size and shape of the inlet discharge hydrograph are marginal.

Shared Ideas,Divergent Approaches:The Hydromethods of the Great West(Taixi shuifa泰西水法)and the Question on Tides

One of the questions about natural phenomena asked in the Hydromethods of the Great West(Taixi shuifa泰西水法;1612)(hereafter TXSF),composed by the Italian Jesuit Sabatino de Ursis with the support of the Chinese official Xu Guangqi徐光啟,concerns the causes of sea tides.The idiosyncratic answer given in the TXSF serves as an example for the Jesuit missionaries,strategically motivated approach to the transfer of knowledge through the translation of Western scientific thought into Chinese.From a chronological overview of the attempts made both in the East and in the West to theoretically conceptualize the causes of the cyclical occurrence of ebb and flow,the comparison reveals that despite being based on totally different cosmologies,the related insights were virtually on a par.The aim to nevertheless convince the audience of the TXSF of the superiority of Western sciences resulted in a particular rhetoric and a division of tasks in the composition of the tides paragraph.In order to verify the success of this joint effort of de Ursis and Xu Guangqi,a change of perspective from the transmitter to the receiver side is necessary.Thus,the paper also explores the work's reception in later Chinese works dealing with this topic.

Introduction of the Archimedean Screw Pump to East Asia during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

The Jesuits played an important role in the transmission of Western science and technology to China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,though their impact on water technology has received scant attention thus far.As a case in point,Sabatino de Ursis,Society of Jesus熊三拔,in collaboration with the Chinese official Xu Guangqi徐光啟,published in 1612 Hydraulic Methods of the Far West(Taixi shuifa泰西水法),the earliest book in China on Western water-lifting devices,which contained a detailed description of the Archimedean screw pump.While the impact of the Archimedean screw pump in China and Korea remained rather limited,the screw pump was used to drain water from gold mines in the Japanese Sado Island from as early as 1637.This fact became known in the West only in the very late 1800s when hand-colored picture scrolls about the Japanese gold mining process became available.These scrolls show various applications of Archimedean screw,which apparently were made according to the manufacturing instructions in Hydraulic Methods of the Far West.

Tree wave migration across an elevation gradient in the Altai Mountains,Siberia

The phenomenon of tree waves （hedges and ribbons） formation within the alpine ecotone in Altai Mountains and its response to observed air temperature increase was considered. At the upper limit of tree growth Siberian pine （Pinus sibirica） forms hedges on windward slopes and ribbons on the leeward ones. Hedges were formed by prevailing winds and oriented along winds direction. Ribbons were formed by snow blowing and accumulating on the leeward slope and perpendicular to the prevailing winds, as well as to the elevation gradient. Hedges were always linked with microtopography features, whereas ribbons were not. Trees are migrating upward by waves and new ribbons and hedges are forming at or near tree line, whereas at lower elevations ribbons and hedges are being transformed into dosed forests. Time series of high-resolution satellite scenes （from 1968 to 2OLO） indicated an upslope shift in the position ribbons averaged 155＋26 m （or 3-7 m yr^-1） and crown closure increased （about 35%-90%）. The hedges advance was limited by poor regeneration establishment and was negligible. Regeneration within the ribbon zone was approximately 2.5 times （5060 vs 2120 ha^-1） higher then within the hedges zone. During the last four decades, Siberian pine in both hedges and ribbons strongly increased its growth increment, and recent tree growth rate for 50 year-old trees was about twice higher than those recorded for similarly-aged trees at the beginning of the 20^th century. Hedges and ribbons are phenomena that are widespread within the southern and northern Siberian Mountains.

Artemia cyst production in Russia

In Western Siberia(Russia) there are about 100 Artemia lakes with total area over 1 600 km 2.Geographically these lakes are located between 51°–56°N and 61°–82°E.In general these lakes are shallow(depth less than 1.5 m),small or medium size(0.1 to 10 km 2);they are chloride;their total salinity is from 40 to 250 g/L.The harvesting of cysts per year is only in 20–40 lakes.In Russia 550 tons of dry Artemia cysts(14%–18% of the world production) were harvested annually.This includes about 350 tons in the Altai region and 200 tons in other regions.During our regular 20-year study period the cyst harvest was:95 tons in Kurgan;65 tons in Omsk,20 tons in Novosibirsk,20 tons in Tyumen.Ways of increasing cyst harvest in Russia are considered in this article.During the last 30 years the harvest of cysts in Russia has increased from 7–20 to 500–600 tons.A significant influence of dryness of the year was found on productivity in selected lakes,but taken for all the lakes together,the relationship was not significant.The optimal salinity for productivity of cysts in the lakes was determined.Analysis of productivity of the lakes and the harvesting results showed that the stocks of cysts are underutilized by approximately 1.7 times.

利玛窦400年形象史考论——兼评当下文史研究的四种困境

世纪之交,利玛窦已经取得了无可争议的世界性影响。整体而言,在400年的历史长河里,利玛窦形象变迁的历史可以用由“有争议的”到“正面形象”的嬗变、由“官方形象”到“民间形象”的兼容两条线索来概括。具体来说,由“多面利玛窦”折射出“西泰子的五副面孔”,可以厘清来华外国人形象史学在“冲击—反应”的中外交流史研究模式、越来越泛化的文化史研究、后殖民理论“主体性自我”与“殖民地他者”之间的对立、比较文学望文生义的形象学等当下四种学术困境中的启示,进而得以从困境中突围出来,构建中国本土的形象史学自主理论体系。

eBay平台吹响中国汽配品牌集结号，汽配出海前景广阔

2019年12月3日,第十五届法兰克福上海国际汽车零配件、维修检测诊断设备及汽车用品展览会在上海国家会展中心盛大开幕,此次展会吸引了来自18个国家和地区的超过6000家参展企业,汇聚了大量汽配龙头企业和品牌。作为唯一参展的跨境出口电商平台,eBay召集优质卖家开启“灯塔计划”观展采购活动,不仅有来自中国的卖家,更有来自泰国、马来西亚的国外卖家加入eBay“灯塔计划”国际采购团。