Optimizing the key parameter to accelerate the recovery of AMOC under a rapid increase of greenhouse gas forcing

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)plays a central role in long-term climate variations through its heat and freshwater transports,which can collapse under a rapid increase of greenhouse gas forcing in climate models.Previous studies have suggested that the deviation of model parameters is one of the major factors in inducing inaccurate AMOC simulations.In this work,with a low-resolution earth system model,the authors try to explore whether a reasonable adjustment of the key model parameter can help to re-establish the AMOC after its collapse.Through a new optimization strategy,the extra freshwater flux(FWF)parameter is determined to be the dominant one affecting the AMOC’s variability.The traditional ensemble optimal interpolation(EnOI)data assimilation and new machine learning methods are adopted to optimize the FWF parameter in an abrupt 4×CO_(2) forcing experiment to improve the adaptability of model parameters and accelerate the recovery of AMOC.The results show that,under an abrupt 4×CO_(2) forcing in millennial simulations,the AMOC will first collapse and then re-establish by the default FWF parameter slowly.However,during the parameter adjustment process,the saltier and colder sea water over the North Atlantic region are the dominant factors in usefully improving the adaptability of the FWF parameter and accelerating the recovery of AMOC,according to their physical relationship with FWF on the interdecadal timescale.

且末县一次沙尘暴天气过程分析

运用实况观测资料、区域自动站资料及数值预报产品等资料,天气学原理、天气动力学等理论,对2015年4月28日且末县沙尘天气的产生机制进行了分析,并初步总结了且末县沙尘暴预报着眼点与预报指标。结果表明:此次过程是由低槽东移进入南疆,引起冷空气西翻而导致的一次南疆盆地自西向东的西翻大风沙尘天气,高低空急流、垂直环流共同作用是高空动量下传的重要动力机制,中低层的冷平流输送是此次天气过程形成的热力因子;同时得到且末县沙尘天气的预报着眼点和预报指标。

The impacts of different surface boundary conditions for sea surface salinity on simulation in an OGCM

An OGCM, LICOM2.0, was used to investigate the effects of different surface boundary conditions for sea surface salinity （SSS） on simulations of global mean salinity, SSS, and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation （AMOC）. Four numerical experiments （CTRL, Expl, Exp2 and Exp3） were designed with the same forcing data-set, CORE.v2, and different surface boundary conditions for SSS~ A new surface salinity boundary condition that consists of both virtual and real salt fluxes was adopted in the fourth experiment （Exp3）. Compared with the other experiments, the new salinity boundary condition prohibited a monotonous increasing or decreasing global mean salinity trend. As a result, global salinity was approximately conserved in EXP3. In the default salinity boundary condition setting in LICOM2.0, a weak restoring salinity term plays an essential role in reducing the simulated SSS bias, tending to increase the global mean salinity. However, a strong restoring salinity term under the sea ice can reduce the global mean salinity. The authors also found that adopting simulated SSS in the virtual salt flux instead of constant reference salinity improved the simulation of AMOC, whose strength became closer to that observed.

Questioned on Andre Lefevere＇s ＂Chinese and Western thinking on translation＂

In Andre Lefevere＇s ＂Chinese and Western thinking on translation＂, he has compared the Chinese translation tradition with the tradition of the Western translation. Historically and culturally, he views the similarities and the differences between these two traditions, which has shed much light on extending the horizons of translation studies in China. However, some of his points put forward in the article need a further consideration. The author has a few doubts about the essay and offers her own different opinions.

Adaptation and validation of pediatric peripheral intravenous catheter insertion and care practices audit tools

Objectives:This study aimed to describe the translation process and establish the validity of the three instruments in Indonesian to assess pediatric peripheral intravenous catheter(PIVC)insertion and care practices.Methods:The six-step forward and backward translation method was used to translate the adapted questionnaires.The English version questionnaires included the point prevalence audit checklist,the nurse survey consisting of the nurse PIVC knowledge questionnaire and the nurse PIVC confidence questionnaire,plus a Patient/parent Experience Survey.Data collection was conducted in Indonesia between October 2019 and February 2020.In total,there were six translators(two for each instrument),nine-panel vascular access experts(three for each instrument),and 30 participants(ten for each in-strument)of the target population involved in the translation and validation of the three instruments.Three-panel experts rated the content relevance of each instrument using a four-point rating scale.Item level and scale level content validity index and kappa index were calculated.Ten-panel members of the target population evaluated each questionnaire regarding feasibility,clarity,logical sequence,and formatting.Qualitative comments from the panel were also reviewed.Results:The translation process indicated relatively low discrepancies between translators except for semantic equivalence.There were nine,eight,and one semantic discrepancies found in the forward translation of the point prevalence audit checklist,nurse survey,and patient/parent experience survey.The semantic discrepancies were less prevalent in the backward translation,with only one,three,and two items reported during the process.The item validity index for all of the three instruments showed relatively high agreement between experts(I-CVI>0.78,S-CVI/Ave>0.90,S-CVI/UA>0.70,and kappa index>0.74).The face validity was established with the panel reporting that the three instruments were easy to understand and presented logically.However,some re-formatting of the nurse survey and pa-tient/parent experience survey were needed to avoid ambiguity and confusion for the participants.Conclusions:The results indicate that the translated three survey instruments that had been widely used in other developed countries show good content validity in the Indonesian context.They can be used as a reference for further testing in different countries and contribute to understanding the pediatric PIVC audit tools used in future clinical research.

On the Translation of Public Signs A Case Study of the Intemational Horticultural Exposition in Xi＇an, China

This paper is based on the survey in the US named ＂Translation Quality of the Public Signs of the Horticultural Exposition in Xi＇an, China＂. The International Horticultural Exposition was held in Xi＇an, China, from April to October in 2011. As guidance to the visitors, all the public signs were in both Chinese and English. The importance of the translation quality of public signs in the Expo cannot be over-exaggerated. By analyzing the data collected in the survey, the paper claims that the quality of the public signs in the Expo is not satisfying and Gutt＇s relevance-theoretical account of translation can well serve as the theoretical foundation of public sign translation.

Swann in Spain： Proust＇s Ghost in the Novels of Javier Marias

Since the publication of Coraz6n tan blanco （A Heart so White） （1992）, many critics have compared the Spanish novelist Javier Marias to Marcel Proust. Both favor long, meandering sentences, in which they insert voluminous asides. In thematic terms, their narratives are constantly involved with meditation over the extent to which we can understand the past, or the degree to which we can know either ourselves or others. Beyond their common preoccupation with time and memory, I will consider some remarkable similarities between Marias＇ and Proust＇s formative years and the role translation played in the development of their style. I will show the many ways in which Proust ＂haunts＂ Marias： in his metaphorical use of the translating practice, in his love of deferral, and in his brooding first-person narrators, racked by the anxiety of ignorance.

On Translating English Animal Proverb into Chinese from Cultural Perspective--Taking the proverb about dog as an example

Proverb, the essence of language, is a fixed phrase or short sentence that is circulated among the masses. With the increasingly close exchange between China and western countries, translation between English and Chinese, especially proverb translation, is the most important task of translators. ＂English animal proverb is a wonderful work of numerous and various English proverbs, and it is rich in unique charms of language arts.＂ Correctly translating English animal proverb can play an important role in proverb translation A large number of English animal proverbs use ＂dog＂ as a metaphor, and there is an obvious discrepancy of dog culture between China and western countries. In the light of it, taking the proverb about ＂dog＂ as an example, this thesis introduces the dog culture of China and western countries respectively and their discrepancies. Based on this, the thesis has a deep discussion on several methods of translating English proverb into Chinese and the attentions that should be paid in the process of translating. All these aim to make readers have a better understanding of Chinese and western proverbs and shorten the distance caused by cultural difference to more flexibly master and use both English and Chinese languages

On the English translation from the customs and cultural differences between Chinese and Western

Culture is the sum of the products from human creation of material and spiritual. It contains the values, behaviors, literary arts, customs, lifestyles, economical and political system and so on that human groups possess. Language is the carrier and the crystallization of culture, it is also a mirror which is reflecting the culture. Any kind of national language is always inextricably linked with the nation＇s culture, and any language is the reflection of the culture. Mastering a language must understand the culture of the language belongs, especially cultural differences in customs. Culture refers to cultural practices throughout society and everyday commtmication activities by the national customs form. Due to the big contrast of culture and customs between Western and Chinese, if the English learners want to grasp English, they must understand and master the differences between Chinese and Western culture, they can not speak in English with Chinese cultural communication patterns. Differences between Chinese and Western customs exist everywhere, to understand these cultural practices will help understanding and use English correctly.

Translation Strategies of Vague Language in Political Texts

As one of the most important features of natural language, the ambiguity of the language has aroused widespread attention in the early Western scholars. Today, the growing number of experts, scholars have committed systematic exploration and research of vague language, and thus producing the fuzzy edge between discipline and linguistics —— Fuzzy Linguistics. Looking at the current fuzzy linguistics research, we can broadly divide it from the research point of view, into semantic ambiguity, pragmatic vagueness, syntactic blur, discourse vague and other directions. Undoubtedly, these types of studies approach from different angles can inevitably produces a cross, which is based on the analysis of the vague language to explore pragmatic functions as this paper.

Analysis and Translation Strategies on Cultural Differences Between Chinese and Western

Language and culture are interactive and interdependent. Translation is not only the transfer between two languages, but also between two cultures. Therefore, cultural difference plays a significant role in translation. In the past decades, translation study has shifted from the purely linguistic level to cultural perspective, and study on cultural differences has brought a new world for the sake of translation studies. This paper tries to illustrate the connection between language and culture, the correlation between culture and translation, analyze the main aspects of cultural differences between Chinese and Western, and sum up translation strategies of domestication and foreignization as well as specific translation methods on the consideration of cultural differences. Finally, the paper proposes that translators should pay attention to cultural differences and adjust target text in accordance with cultural differences

PEOPLE & POINTS

RENOWNED SCHOLAR DIESYang Jiang,a well-known Chinese writer,translator and foreign literature scholar,passed away in Beijing on May 25 at the age of 105.Proficient in English,French and Spanish,Yang made a name for herself in the field of translation.Her translation of Don Quixote into Chinese from its original Spanish has been generally regarded as the best version to date.

Visual Translations： Medicine, Art, China and the West

In the history of medicine, relatively little attention has been paid to the way medical illustration circulated globally---or to the issues raised by the cultural ＂translation＂ of such images. My goal here is to flesh out some of the history of this circulation and translation by exploring the aesthetic and medical connections be- tween two specific anatomical collections, both housed at the Gordon Pathology Museum at Guy＇s Hospital, London. The Joseph Towne collection of anatomical waxes and the Lam Qua paintings of the patients of medical missionary Peter Parker were both produced in the nineteenth century. Significantly, the two collections were part of related but culturally specific shifts in the way bodies （and diseased bodies） were viewed, represented, understood and treated. I explore some of the convergences and divergences between Western and Chinese medical and artistic priorities and will address some of the issues raised by them. These two collections are important, I argue, because they demonstrate how aesthetic considerations shape medical knowledge and wider attitudes about the human body.