藏东西藏岩的电气石

西藏岩是以发现地命名的一类新火成岩 ,相当于电英质火山岩。作为西藏岩最重要造岩矿物之一的电气石 ,以其独特的产状、结构和构造等 ,显著有别于深成岩、交代岩和富电气石岩的电气石。所研究电气石产出的宏观、微观地质特征并借鉴富硼添加剂花岗岩体系的岩石学实验资料表明 ,赋存在西藏岩内的电气石 ,大多数是由一类富硼和水的酸性岩浆 热液过渡流体 (但其总性质偏岩浆 ,即佤山岩浆 ) ,因近地表和内压大于外压 ,引发在一个较大而有限空间内隐爆、爆破 ,骤然冷凝结晶 ,并同石英及其晶屑一起胶结爆破角砾 ;佤山岩浆溢出期间 ,电气石与石英可各自聚集结晶并形成韵律状“层纹”。

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS Laudakia FROM XIZANG (TIBET)

This paper describes a new species of the rock agamid genus Laudakia . The new species is closely similar to L. tuberculata (Hardwicke et Gray),but the new species differs from the latter in that:①nostril is situated in center of elliptic nasal,directing outwards and rearwards;②one supranasal;③superciliary ridge poorly developed,blunt and not everting upwards;④dorsum and flanks with many small,light colored spots,the large,conic scales scattered on flanks are not situated in those spots.

Model building for Chang-8 low permeability sandstone reservoir in the Yanchang formation of the Xifeng oil field

In order to build a model for the Chang-8 low permeability sandstone reservoir in the Yanchang formation of the Xifeng oil field,we studied sedimentation and diagenesis of sandstone and analyzed major factors controlling this low permeability reservoir.By doing so,we have made clear that the spatial distribution of reservoir attribute parameters is controlled by the spatial distribution of various kinds of sandstone bodies.By taking advantage of many coring wells and high quality logging data,we used regression analysis for a single well with geological conditions as constraints,to build the interpretation model for logging data and to calculate attribute parameters for a single well,which ensured accuracy of the 1-D vertical model.On this basis,we built a litho-facies model to replace the sedimentary facies model.In addition,we also built a porosity model by using a sequential Gaussian simulation with the lithofacies model as the constraint.In the end,we built a permeability model by using Markov-Bayes simula-tion,with the porosity attribute as the covariate.The results show that the permeability model reflects very well the relative differences between low permeability values,which is of great importance for locating high permeability zones and forecasting zones favorable for exploration and exploitation.

Sequestration of carbon as carbonate in the critical zone：insights from the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau

The carbon pool stored in soil carbonate is comparable to the soil organic carbon.Therefore,secondary calcite precipitation in supersaturated catchment could be an important,yet poorly constrained,carbon sink within the modern global carbon cycle.The chemical analysis of some dissolved species transported by rivers,such as elevated Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios but also heavy stable Ca isotopic compositions,witness the formation of secondary calcite in rivers draining arid regions.However,in areas affected by active tectonics and rapid physical erosion,co-variations in the fluvial Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios could also be related to incongruent carbonate weathering processes.Here,we present a model to assess the roles played by incongruent carbonate dissolution and secondary calcite precipitation in modern weathering processes.We tested and applied the model to rivers draining the Himalayan–Tibetan region.The results suggest that regional aridity in the drainage basin promotes carbon sequestration as secondary carbonate but that for a given runoff,incongruent dissolution of carbonate possibly related to rapid physical erosion amplifies such sequestration.The isotopic compositions(^(13)C/^(12)C and^(18)O/^(16)O)of detrital carbonate transported by the main rivers in South and South-East Tibet imply that around 1%of the suspended material transported by those rivers corresponds to secondary carbonate and can represent between 5%and 15%of the alkalinity flux.Most of these alkalinity transported as particulate material is,nevertheless related to the weathering of carbonate lithologies and is also subjected to dissolution prior its final storage in sedimentary basins.However,on glacial-interglacial timescale this will amplify the significant role of mountain weathering on climatic variations.

Characteristics of Metamorphic Rock Magnetic Fabrics in the Nyalam Area of the Southern Tibet and Its Geological Significance, China

This paper reports Precambrian rock magnetic fabrics in the Nyalam area of southern Tibet. The analytical results of magnetic fabrics show that the values of H are high （〉 10% in general）, so the ductile deformations of the Precambrian rock are strong. The orientation of the maximum principal stress inferred from the minimum magnetic susceptibility is nearly S-N, NE-SW and NW-SE. The Flinn diagram of the magnetic fabrics show that the strain pattern is oblate and constrictional type. Magnetic foliation of great majority of rock samples is well developed and the magnetic lineation is poor and the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid is flattened. The magnetic lineation of the minority rock samples is well developed and the magnetic foliation is poor and the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid is prolate. According to the geological field and the magnetic fabrics, there are 3 times tectonic stress field in SN directed extruding, NW-SE directed extruding, NW-SE directed extension. It shows that the Nyalam area has undergone process the orientation of SN, NW-SE nappe structure and NW-SE directed extension structure. The change of tectonic stress is reflected by the field characteristics of the Precambrian rock magnetic fabrics that is the direct responding result of the arc-continental, continent-continental collision between the India and Asian continents in the late part of the Late Cretaceous to Late Eocene and subsequently shifted to intra-continental convergent, the plateau uplifting and extension structure stage since the Late Eocene.

Multivariant statistical analysis for diagenetic information of chert from southern Tibet,China

There are large scale chert formations of different ages exposed widely in southern Tibet, along Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone. The typical chert specimens were sampled from Pengcuolin, Xialu and Zongzhuo profiles. Multivariate statistical analysis is applied for effectively extracting the geochemical information of the chert, and the raw data are processed by R-factor analysis. The first, second and third factors representing terrigenous, authigenic and hydrothermal constituents are extracted from the analysis results. From Pengcuolin, Xialu to Zongzhuo chert profiles, the variance ratios of continental and authigenetic factors become higher （ 51. 1% →62.9 % →91.6 % ）, while hydrothermal factor rapidly decrease （ 40. 9 % →32.2 % →0 ）. This tend- eney also present in the analysis for traee elements, indicating that Pengeuolin chert is hydrothermal origin, The Zongzhuo chert belong to normal sedimentation and the Xialu chert exhibit normal deposition interacted with hydrothermal sedimentation. The facts provide significant implications for understanding the diagenetic and palaeomineralization information of southern Tibet.

Biogenic characteristics of Mesozoic cherts in southern Tibet and its significance

The Xialu chert, which contains abundant biological information, were investigated by major element analysis, micro-Raman, SEM and EPMA. The results show that SiO2 content of chert is 84.12%-93.08%, averaging 89.84%. The close packed structures of low degree crystallinity of quartz indicate the hydrothermal origin. SiO2 of modern hot springs exhibit loose silica pellets and nodular, beaded structures. Under polarization microscope, the presence of biological skeleton structures indicate that biological activities are involved in the hydrothermal deposition, which correspond to the geochemical characteristics: w(SiO2)/ w(K2O+Na2O), w(SiO2)/w(Al2O3) and w(SiO2)/w(MgO), with average values of 295.29, 68.88 and 284.45, respectively. SiO2 is enriched in the organism(radiolarian) centers, the degree order of SiO2 within the biologic structures is much higher than that of outside. The impurity minerals albites are formed earlier than the original deposition. Kaolinites, feldspars and mixture of organic materials display lower degree of crystallinities and accumulate as vermicular aggregates.

西藏民族体育起源新解

根据现代考古学研究证实,被称为世界屋脊的青藏高原是地球上最年轻的高原,其最高耸的部分——喜马拉雅山地.直至四千万年前的第三纪初期还是一片汪洋大海,正如藏文古籍《青史》中说:“最初,西藏被水充满。”在今天,越来越多的学者认为,这个表面看来很荒凉的大高原本是人类始祖的发祥地。近三十多年来在西藏从南到北的考古发现了旧石器时代的打制石器,证明至少距今1——s万年前的旧石器中、晚期。西藏高原大部分地区只有古人类活动。

The electrical conductivity of eclogite in Tibet and its geophysical implications

The electrical conductivity of Tibetan eclogite was investigated at pressures of 1.5-3.5 GPa and temperatures of 500-803 K using impedance spectroscopy within a frequency range of 10-1 -10^6 Hz. The electrical conductivity of eclogite increases with increasing temperature （which can be approximated by the Arrhenius equation）, and is weakly affected by pressure. At each tested pressure, the electrical conductivity is weakly temperature dependent below -650 K and more strongly temperature de- pendent above -650 K. The calculated activation energies and volumes are 44±1 kJ/mol and -0.6±0.1 cm3/mol for low tem- peratures and 97±3 kJ/mol and -1.2±0.2 cm3/mol for high temperatures, respectively. When applied to the depth range of 45-100 km in Tibet, the laboratory data give conductivities on the order of 10^-15 -10^-4.5 S/m, within the range of geophysical conductivity profiles.

A preliminary study of rare-metal mineralization in the Himalayan leucogranite belts, South Tibet

The Himalayan leucogranite occurs as two extensive(>1000 km) E-W trending belts on the Tibetan Plateau with the unique features. The leucogranite comprised biotite granite, two-mica/muscovite granite, tourmaline granite and garnet granite, which have been identified in previous studies, as well as albite granite and granitic pegmatite that were identified in this investigation. Fifteen leucogranite plutons were studied and 12 were found to contain rare-metal bearing minerals such as beryl(the representative of Be mineralization), columbite-group minerals, tapiolite, pyrochlore-microlite, fergusonite, Nb-Ta rutile(the representative of Nb-Ta mineralization), and cassiterite(the representative of Sn mineralization) mainly based on the field trip,microscope observation and microprobe analysis. The preliminary result shows that the Himalayan leucogranite is commonly related to the rare-metal mineralization and warrants future investigation. Further exploration and intensive research work is important in determining the rare-metal resource potential of this area.

Identification of an Early–Middle Jurassic oxidized magmatic belt,south Gangdese,Tibet,and geological implications

The south Gangdese region is the site of subduction of the Neo-Tethys and subsequent continental col- lision. Compared with widespread Cretaceous and Cenozoic magmatism, Early-Middle Jurassic magmatic rocks and related deposits are rarely reported, Our work identified a 〉200 km long felsic rock belt asso- ciated with Cu mineralization in the south Gangdese region. We report here zircon U-Pb ages, zircon Ce4＋/Ce3＋ values, and mineral assemblages of two Cu mineralized intrusions within the belt. A horn- blende granite and a diorite porphyry were emplaced at 177.3Ma and 166.3Ma, respectively. Geological occurrence and magmatic hematite-magnetite-chalcopyrite intergrowths suggest that Cu mineralization formed coeval with Jurassic intrusions. Mineralized intrusions have high zircon Ce4＋/ Ce3＋ and EuN/EuN ratios, and hematite-magnetite intergrowths, suggesting their parent magmas were highly oxidized, Hornblende is common and primary fluid inclusions are found in titanite and apatite, indicating their parent magmas were water-saturated and exsotved volatile phases at early stage of rnag- matic evolution. Those magma characters contribute to the formation of porphyry Cu deposits. Given that majority subduction-related porphyry Cu systems have been eroded following uplift and denudation, the well-preserved Early-Middle Jurassic cu mineralized igneous rocks in south Gangdese are favorable prospecting targets for subduction-related porphyry Cu deposits.

Paleomagnetic data from the Late Carboniferous-Late Permian rocks in eastern Tibet and their implications for tectonic evolution of the northern Qiangtang-Qamdo block

We report paleomagnetic results from the Late Carboniferous-Late Permian strata in eastern Tibet (China), and aim to clarify the tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of the northern Qiangtang-Qamdo block, which is the key to the study of plate boundary between the Gondwanaland and the Eurasia during the late Paleozoic. Two hundred and nineteen samples-including limestone, muddy siltstone, basalt, lava, and tuff-were collected at 24 sites in the Upper Carboniferous and Middle-Upper Permian successions. A systematic study of rock magnetism and paleomagnetism yields three reliable paleomagnetic pole positions. Both hematite and magnetite occurred in the Late Carboniferous limestone samples. The demagnetization curve shows a characteristic double-component, with the remanent magnetization (ChRM) exhibiting a positive polarity (negative inclination). In the Late Permian limestone, tuff, and basalt, magnetic information were recorded primarily in magnetite, although a small fraction of them was found in hematite in basalt. The demagnetization curve illustrates a double or single component, with the ChRM showing a negative polarity (positive inclination), which has passed the classic fold test successfully. The single polarity features of the ChRM directions of the Late Carboniferous and Middle-Late Permian rocks are respectively related to the Kiaman positive and reversed polarities under the stratigraphic coordinates. This, in turn, indicates that both ChRMs directions represent the original remanence directions. By comparison with the previously published paleomagnetic results from the late Paleozoic rocks in the northern Qiangtang Range, we suggest that: (1) Qamdo and northern Qiangtang block were independent of each other during the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian periods. The north Lancangjiang ocean basin between the two blocks may have closed before the Middle Permian and been involved in the continent-continent collision stage in the Late Permian-Early Triassic periods. (2) The northern Qiangtang-Qamdo Block paleogeographically was situated at low to intermediate latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere in the Late Carboniferous-Late Permian periods, and began to displace northward in the Early Triassic, with an amount of more than 5000 km northward transport from its current location.

Electrical conductivities of two granite samples in southern Tibet and their geophysical implications

There are clear differences in the electrical conductivities of the crustal granites of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Because these granites are among the major rock types on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, it is very important to detect the electrical conductivity of granites under high temperatures and pressures to study the electrical conductivity structure of this area. Using impedance spectroscopy at a frequency range of 10.1–106 Hz, the electrical conductivity of the muscovite-granite collected from Yadong was investigated at a confining pressure of 1.0 GPa and temperatures ranging from 577 to 996 K, while the electrical conductivity of the biotite-granite collected from Lhasa was investigated at a pressure of 1.0 GPa and temperatures ranging from587 to 1382 K. The calculated activation enthalpies of the Yadong muscovite-granite sample is 0.92 eV in the low-temperature range(577–919 K) and 2.16 eV in the high-temperature range(919–996 K). The activation enthalpies of the Lhasa biotite-granite sample is 0.48 eV in the low-temperature range(587–990 K) and 2.06 eV in the high-temperature range(990–1382 K). The change in the activation enthalpies of the granites at different temperature ranges may be associated with the dehydration of the two samples. The electrical conductivities of the granite samples obtained in the laboratory using impedance spectroscopy correspond well with field observations conducted near the sampling points, both in terms of the actual conductivity values and the observed variations between the low-temperature and high-temperature regimes. This correlation of laboratory and field conductivities indicates that the conductivities of the crustal rocks in the two regions closely correspond to granite conductivities.We calculated the electrical conductivities of muscovite-granite and biotite-granite samples using the effective medium and HS boundary models. When applied to the crustal rocks of southern Tibet, the results of the geophysical conductivity profiles lie within the range of laboratory data. Thus, the electrical characteristics of the crustal rocks underlying the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can largely be attributed to granites, with the large changes to high conductivities at increasing depths resulting from the dehydration of crustal rocks with granitic compositions.

Geomagnetic polarity transitions recorded in the Miocene lavas of the Wuyu basin,Tibet

Geomagnetic polarity transitions were the most important phenomena in the study of the geomagnetic field evolution and the earth＇s deep interior dynamics. The Miocene postcollisional ultrapotassic-potassic rocks are widely distributed in the Lhasa Block of southern Tibet. Paleomagnetic studies on the Wuyu Formation indicated that these volcanic rocks recorded the C5Bn.2n-C5Bn.lr and C5ACr-C5ACn geomagnetic polarity transitions. The virtual geomagnetic poles （VGPs） of these two polarity transitions were located in the Atlantic and the central Pacific, respectively. Due to data scarcity, it remains unclear whether VGP paths of Miocene geomagnetic polarity transitions were longitudinal preference and/or 90° away from the sampiing sites.