多维视阈下西部高中校园策划及可持续建设研究

伴随着我国的城镇化进程,西部地区高中优质教育资源的不断集中使得大规模高中已大量存在,大量既有中学校舍空间指标滞后、模式陈旧,就学压力剧增、校园亟待更新以满足供给需求。学校适度规模和合理指标取值能够在降低教育投入的基础上,进一步提升教育效益,促进教育公平。研究从经济学、建筑学、教育学等不同学科为视角,对办学背景、类型、特征、现状及困境展开分析,为其建筑策划与可持续建设提出一定的思考方向和对策,为西部既有中学更新改造作设计指导、亦为地区适宜标准的制定提供科学参考。

西部高中校长心理压力来源分析

通过问卷发现,西部高中校长当前面临升学质量竞争、学校安全隐患、经费来源紧张、教师素质提升、人际环境改善、身心疲惫等方面带来的心理压力。而按照教育规律办事,坚持依法治校,规范办学行为,加强教师培训,学习中华传统文化则是校长摆脱压力、消除焦虑的一些有效途径。

西部县域高中用地规模韧性指标体系构建与实证研究——基于陕西12个县域的调查分析

在优质资源不断集聚的背景下,拟定西部县域高中建设用地韧性指标,可缓解用地紧张、供求关系失衡的现实矛盾,有利于提升教育效益,促进教育公平。研究以建筑计划学、层次分析法、实证调研为指导,以测算数据为依托,基于西部县域既有高中的用地规模现状类型,探讨集约化的校园用地韧性指标体系的不同内涵的三个层级,分别为生均用地面积、生均可比用地面积、生均节地可比用地面积,构建不同办学规模的校园用地韧性指标参考体系,节约土地成本,完善既有中学建设规范标准,以期指导各项工程实践。

西部农村中学英语网络教学中的行动研究——高中英语在线教师反馈和同伴反馈

本文就写作生态学西部中学英语在线教师反馈和同伴反馈的应用展开了一次行动研究。针对在写作生态学环境中的学生对教师在线反馈和同伴在线反馈等问题进行了调查和分析。在线教师反馈的正确率与学生写作水平呈正相关;在线同伴反馈的合理率较低。教师反馈效果较为明显,在英语写作教学中应大力提倡,广泛实施。

西部县域高中教学空间量化指标与模式优化实证研究--以陕西省为例

西部县域地区既有高中校舍空间指标滞后、模式陈旧,受经济及资源等制约品质提升形势严峻。探讨既适应创新人才培养之需又适应地方办学的建设标准成为重要课题之一。研究参照国家及各地区已有校舍标准,以陕西省为例选取一定数量代表性学校,采用建筑计划学中空间与行为相互影响关联的调研分析方法,对校园主要教学活动与空间环境进行定性定量的实证分析,揭示其主要使用问题,探讨教学空间的量化指标测算、典型案例实施,以及空间模式的优化路径。为既有校园更新改造进行设计指导,为地区适宜标准的制定提供科学参考,亦为优化现有国家建设标准提供技术支持。

西部乡村高中留守青少年心理问题及应对策略

文章首先阐述了西部乡村高中留守青少年存在的心理问题,包括学习、交友及心理叛逆问题,然后从家庭、学校、社会三方面分析了西部乡村高中留守青少年产生心理问题的原因,最后提出了相应的解决对策。

西部贫困地区高中化学课堂教学中的互动个案研究

本文主要论述了影响西部贫困地区高中化学课堂教学中进行师生互动的因素，并针对这些因素．结合实际列举了一个师生互动课堂的案例。

农村高中教师课程资源开发的问题与影响因素探讨

西部农村高中教师课程资源开发存在诸多问题。研究发现:乡村文化的边缘化、单向量化的教师评价与考核规则、教师培训的实效性较差等因素是农村高中教师进行课程资源开发最主要的阻力所在。

单性学校机会犹存

西部高中是一所位于波帝摩尔市的公立大学预科部,它的大部分学生来自邻近的内陆城市,要弄清楚西部高中何以成为人们梦寐以求的学校并不难,西部高中确实有其值得炫耀的理由。西部高中每年招收250名新生,约有1000名学生报名。学生连续在各种水平测试中比同龄学生表现更为突出:SAT考试成绩远远高于地方。

中西部农村高中多样化发展面临的挑战及对策

我国中西部农村高中多样化发展面临一刀切式的考评机制、沉重的债务负担、贫弱的社会支持、人力资源的不对称流动以及教育资源非均衡配置等问题的挑战。应对挑战的措施应是实施"弹性化"的高中学校考评机制,夯实农村高中发展的物质基础,发挥社会力量对农村高中的帮扶作用,实施农村高中特色化办学方略,统筹区域内教育资源配置,等等。

Technical Progress on Researches for the Safety of High Concrete-Faced Rockfill Dams

The concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) is an important dam type in the selection of high dams to be constructed in Western China,owing to its direct utilization of local materials,good adaptability,and distinct economic advantages.Over the past decades,China has gained successful experience in the construction of 200 m CFRDs,providing the necessary technical accumulation for the development of 250–300 m ultra-high CFRDs.This paper summarizes these successful experiences and analyzes the problems of a number of major 200 m CFRDs around the world.In addition,it discusses the key technologies and latest research progress regarding safety in the construction of 250–300 m ultra-high CFRDs,and suggests focuses and general ideas for future research.

Geomorphic-centered Classification of Wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Western China

In this paper a geomorphic-centered system was proposed for classifying the wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western China, where the flora comprises primarily grasses. Although the geomorphic properties (e.g., elevation and morphology) of wetlands form the primary criteria of classification, this system also takes hydrological processes into implicit consideration. It represents an improvement over the hydrogeomorphic perspective as the relative importance of the two components (wetness and landform) of wetlands is clearly differentiated. This geomorphic-centered perspective yields insights into the hydrogeomorphic dynamics of plateau wetlands while indicates their vulnerability to change and degradation indirectly. According to this geomorphic-centered perspective, all plateau wetlands fall into one of the seven types of alpine, piedmont, valley, terrace, floodplain, lacustrine, and riverine in three elevational categories of upland, midland, and lowland. Upland (alpine and piedmont) wetlands with the steepest topography are the most sensitive to change whereas midland (floodplain, terrace and valley) wetlands are less vulnerable to degradation owing to a high water reserve except terrace wetlands. They have a dry surface caused by infrequent hydrological replenishment owing to their higher elevation than the channel. Low lying (lacustrine and riverine) wetlands are the most resilient. The geomorphic-centered perspective developed in this paper provides a framework for improving recognition and management of wetlands on the Plateau. Resilient wetlands can be grazed more intensively without the risk of degradation. Fragile and vulnerable wetlands require careful managementto avoid degradation.

Topographic Influence on Wetland Distribution and Change in Maduo County, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Accurate information on the spatial distribution and temporal change of wetlands is vital to devise effective measures for their protection. This study uses satellite images in 1994 and 2001 to assess the effects of topography and proximity to channels on wetland change in Maduo County on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, western China. In 1994 wetlands in the study area extended over 6,780.0 km2. They were distributed widely throughout the county, with a higher concentration in the south, and were especially prominent close to streams. The pattern of wetlands demonstrated a bell-shaped distribution curve with elevation, ranging over hill slopes with gradients from 0-19°, the commonest gradient being around 3°. Although the aspects of these hill slopes range over all directions, there is a lower concentration of wetlands facing east and southeast. The extent of wetlands in 2001 decreased to 6,181.1 km2. Marked spatial differentiation in the pattern of wetlands is evident, as their area increased by 1,193.3 km2 at lower elevations but decreased by 1,792.2 km2 at higher ground, resulting in a net decrease of 598.8 km2. In areas with a gradient <2° or >9° the area of wetlands remained approximately consistent from 1994-2001. Newly retained wetlands are situated in relatively flat lowland areas, with no evident preference in terms of aspect. Wetlands on north-, east- and northeast-facing hillslopes with a bearing of 1-86° were more prone to loss of area than other orientations. The altered pattern of wetland distribution from higher to lower elevation on north-facing slopes coincided with the doubling of annual temperature during the same period, suggesting that climate warming could be an important cause.

Mode of occurrence of arsenic in high-As coals from endemic arsenosis areas in southwestern Guizhou Province, China

The use of high As-bearing coals has caused more than 3,000 cases of arsenosis patients in southwest Guizhou Province, China. The mode of occurrence of arsenic in coal is an important key role in understanding its behavior during usage and damage pathway to human health. Coal samples from endemic arsenosis areas were analyzed with INAA, EMPA, SEM-EDX, LTA, XRD, XAFS, and sequential leaching experiment. Arsenic in pyrite is from under the limit of EMPA to 1.75%, and in most cases, the content of arsenic is lower than 0.5%. Besides pyrite and arsenopyrite, SEM-EDX combined with LTA and XRD find that sulfates, clay and phosphates also contain arsenic. XAFS shows that arsenic mainly exists in the form of As^5＋. More than 50% of arsenic stayes in residual solid and combined with organic matrix in two samples, but most arsenic is leached out in other samples. The occurrence of such exceptionally high As contents in coal and the fact that the arsenic is dominantly organically associated are unique observations.

Direct Radiative Forcing and Climatic Effects of Aerosols over East Asia by RegCM3

The authors used a high-resolution regional climate model （RegCM3） coupled with a chemistry/ aerosol module to simulate East Asian climate in 2006 and to test the climatic impacts of aerosols on regional- scale climate. The direct radiative forcing and climatic effects of aerosols （dust, sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon） were discussed. The results indicated that aerosols generally produced negative radiative forcing at the top-of-the-atmosphere （TOA） over most areas of East Asia. The radiative forcing induced by aerosols exhibited significant seasonal and regional variations, with the strongest forcing occurring in summer. The aerosol feed- backs on surface air temperature and precipitation were clear. Surface cooling dominated features over the East Asian continental areas, which varied in the approximate range of-0.5 to -2℃ with the maximum up to -3℃ in summer over the deserts of West China. The aerosols induced complicated variations of precipitation. Except in summer, the rainfall generally varied in the range of-1 to 1 mm d^-1 over most areas of China.

Basic Features of Climate Change in North China during 1961-2010

The spatial and temporal variations of some important near-surface climate parameters and extreme climate events in North China during 1961-2010 are analyzed by using 94 meteorological stations＇ data in the study area. Results show that the annual mean surface air temperature in North China increased at the rate of 0.36℃ per decade, higher than the national average in the same period. Increasing was particularly significant since the mid-1980s, with maximum increase in the middle and northeastern parts of Inner Mongolia. Increasing rate of the annual mean minimum temperature is much higher than that of the maximum temperature, which results in the decrease of the annual mean diurnal temperature range. Noticeable decrease is also observed in the frequency of cold wave. Annual precipitation shows a slight decreasing trend, with more pronounced decrease in southern Shanxi and eastern Hebei provinces, which is mainly represented as decreasing in contribution rates of rainstorm and heavy storm in flood-season （May to September）. During 1961 -2010, North China is characterized by a noticeable reduction in annual extreme precipitation, and an increase in high-temperature days over most parts, as well as more frequent droughts. There are remarkable reductions in annual sunshine duration and mean wind speed, associated with the most significant reduction of mean wind speed in midwestern and eastern parts of Inner Mongolia. Meanwhile, North China has experienced a noticeable decrease/increase in annual mean sanddust/haze days during the study period. However, there is no significant trend in fog days, except a pronounced decrease since the 1990s.

Litter Decomposition of Emergent Plants along an Elevation Gradient in Wetlands of Yunnan Plateau,China

The decomposition of plant litter is a key process of litter decomposition to global climate warming in plateau in the flows of energy and nutrients in ecosystems. However, the response wetlands remains largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a one-year litter decomposition experiment along an elevation gradient from 1891 m to 3260 m on the Yurman Plateau of Southwest China, using different litter types to determine the influences of climate change, litter quality and microenvironment on the decomposition rate. The results showed that the average decomposition rate （K） increased from 0.608 to 1.152, and the temperature sensitivity of litter mass losses was approximately 4.98%/℃ along the declining elevation gradient. Based on a correlation analysis, N concentrations and C ： N ratios in the litter were the best predictors of the decomposition rate, with significantly positive and negative correlations, respectively. Additionally, the cumulative effects of decomposition were clearly observed in the mixtures of Scirpus tabernaemontani and Zizania caduciflora. Moreover, the litter decomposition rate in the water was higher than that in the sediment, especially in high-elevation areas where the microenvironment was significantly affected by temperature. These results suggest that future climate warming will have significant impacts on plateau wetlands, which have important fimctions in biogeochemical cycling in cold highland ecosystems.

Changes in Extreme Events as Simulated by a High-Resolution Regional Climate Model for the Next 20-30 Years over China

In this paper, the changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the next 20-30 years (2021-2050) in relative to the present day (1986-2005) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario are analyzed based on a high-resolution climate change simulation performed by a regional climate model (the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) RegCM3). The extreme indices of summer days (SU), frost days (FD), and growing season length (GSL) for temperature and simple daily intensity index (SDII), number of days with precipitation ≥10 mm d-1 (R10), and consecutive dry days (CDD) for precipitation are used as the indicators of the extremes. The results show that the indices simulated by RegCM3 in the present day show good agreement with the observed. A general increase in SU, a decrease in FD, and an increase in GSL are found to occur in the next 20-30 years over China. A general increase in SDII, an increase in R10 over western China, and a decrease in R10 in north, northeast, and central China are simulated by the model. Changes in CDD are characterized by a decrease in the north and an increase in the south and the Tibetan Plateau.

Zircon U-Pb geochronology of Archean high-grade metamorphic rocks from Xi Ulanbulang area,central Inner Mongolia

The early Precambrian high-grade metamorphosed basement in the Xi Ulanbulang area, central Inner Mongolia of China, is composed mainly of intermediate granulites and charnockitic gneisses. Both types of the rocks are closely associated spatially and temporally, with a gradual variation between them. In order to understand timing of the high-grade metamorphism, we carried out SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons of the rocks. Zircons from the granulites and charnockitic gneisses are similar in structure and age. Zircon cores show magmatic zoning and have ages of 2507-2545 Ma. The ages are interpreted as the forming time of protolith of the granulites and charnockitic gneisses, indicating that a strong magmatism existed at that time in the Yinshan Block. The zircon mantles and rims show homogeneous structures and record a strong granulite facies metamorphism event around 2500 Ma, with a time interval between the metamorphism and magamatism being less than 50 Ma. These suggest that the Western Block was similar to the Eastern Block in tectono-thermal timing at the end of the Neoarchean.

Artificial Management Improves Soil Moisture, C, N and P in an Alpine Sandy Meadow of Western China

Regeneration of degraded grassland ecosystems is a significant issue in restoration ecology globally. To understand the effects of artificial management measures on alpine meadows, we surveyed topsoil properties including moisture, organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents five years after fencing and fencing + reseeding management practices in a sandy meadow in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, northwestern China. Both the fencing and fencing + reseeding management practices significantly increased soil moisture storage, SOC, total N, available N, total P, and available P, as compared to the unmanaged control. Fencing plus reseeding was more effective than fencing alone for improving soil C, N, and P contents. These suggested that rehabilitation by reseeding and fencing generally had favorable effects on the soil properties in degraded sandy alpine meadows, and was an effective approach for restoration of degraded meadow ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.