An R-module M is called Gorenstein FP-injective if there is an exact sequence …→E1→E0→E^0→E^1→… of FP-injective R-modules with M=ker（E^0→E^1） and such that Hom（E,-） leaves the sequence exact whenever E is ...An R-module M is called Gorenstein FP-injective if there is an exact sequence …→E1→E0→E^0→E^1→… of FP-injective R-modules with M=ker（E^0→E^1） and such that Hom（E,-） leaves the sequence exact whenever E is an FP-injective R-module.Some properties of Gorenstein FP-injective are obtained.Moreover,it is proved that a ring is left Noetherian if and only if every Gorenstein FP-injective left R-module is Gorenstein injective.Furthermore,it is shown that over an n-FC and perfect ring R,a left R-module M is Gorenstein FP-injective if and only if MFH for some FP-injective left R-module F and some strongly Gorenstein FP-injective R-module H.In view of this,Gorenstein FP-injective precovers and Gorenstein FP-injective preenvelopes are considered.展开更多
Vegetation and rainfall are two important factors affecting soil erosion and thus resulting in nutrient loss in the Chinese Loess Plateau.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall intensi...Vegetation and rainfall are two important factors affecting soil erosion and thus resulting in nutrient loss in the Chinese Loess Plateau.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall intensities(60,100 and 140 mm h-1) and vegetation(Caragana korshinskii) coverages(0%,30% and 80%) on soil loss,nutrient loss,and the composition and volume fractal dimension of eroded sediment particles under simulated rainfall conditions.The results showed that vegetation cover,rainfall intensity and their interaction all had significant effects on sediment transport and the sedimentbound nutrient loss.Higher rainfall intensity and lower coverage led to higher sediment and nutrient losses.Positive linear relationships were observed between soil loss and nutrient loss.The treatments showed more significant effects on the enrichment ratio(ER) of nitrogen(ERN) than organic matter(EROM) and phosphorus(ERP).Compared with the original surface soil,the eroded sediment contained more fine particles.Under the same coverage,the clay content significantly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity.The ER of sediment-bound nutrients was positively correlated with that of clay,suggesting that the clay fraction was preferentially eroded and soil nutrients were mainly adsorbed onto or contained within this fraction.There were increments in the fractal dimension of the sediment particles compared to that of the original surface soil.Moreover,the fractal dimension was positively correlated with clay,silt,and sediment-bound OM,N,and P contents,whereas it was negatively correlated with sand content.This study demonstrated that fractal dimension analysis can be used to characterize differences in particle-size distribution and nutrient loss associated with soil erosion.展开更多
During the excavation of three-parallel-hole tunnel, the tunnel might collapse due to over-stress as a result of inadequate rock pillar width. Treating the rock overburden depth, rock strength, and rock pillar width a...During the excavation of three-parallel-hole tunnel, the tunnel might collapse due to over-stress as a result of inadequate rock pillar width. Treating the rock overburden depth, rock strength, and rock pillar width as variables, a series of 3D numerical analysis was carried out to examine the effect of each variable on the safety of the tunnel, in particular the rock pillar. A stress strength ratio (SSR) was used to define whether the safety of the rock pillar was exceeded. A simple design chart for the case of three-parallel-hole tunnel, which took into account the influence of overburden depth, rock pillar width, and rock strength, was also proposed for used in the preliminary design stage.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10971024)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 200802860024)
文摘An R-module M is called Gorenstein FP-injective if there is an exact sequence …→E1→E0→E^0→E^1→… of FP-injective R-modules with M=ker（E^0→E^1） and such that Hom（E,-） leaves the sequence exact whenever E is an FP-injective R-module.Some properties of Gorenstein FP-injective are obtained.Moreover,it is proved that a ring is left Noetherian if and only if every Gorenstein FP-injective left R-module is Gorenstein injective.Furthermore,it is shown that over an n-FC and perfect ring R,a left R-module M is Gorenstein FP-injective if and only if MFH for some FP-injective left R-module F and some strongly Gorenstein FP-injective R-module H.In view of this,Gorenstein FP-injective precovers and Gorenstein FP-injective preenvelopes are considered.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No.2007CB407205)the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period (No.2006BAD09B03)the CAS Action Plan for the Development of Western China (No.KZCX2-XB2-05)
文摘Vegetation and rainfall are two important factors affecting soil erosion and thus resulting in nutrient loss in the Chinese Loess Plateau.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall intensities(60,100 and 140 mm h-1) and vegetation(Caragana korshinskii) coverages(0%,30% and 80%) on soil loss,nutrient loss,and the composition and volume fractal dimension of eroded sediment particles under simulated rainfall conditions.The results showed that vegetation cover,rainfall intensity and their interaction all had significant effects on sediment transport and the sedimentbound nutrient loss.Higher rainfall intensity and lower coverage led to higher sediment and nutrient losses.Positive linear relationships were observed between soil loss and nutrient loss.The treatments showed more significant effects on the enrichment ratio(ER) of nitrogen(ERN) than organic matter(EROM) and phosphorus(ERP).Compared with the original surface soil,the eroded sediment contained more fine particles.Under the same coverage,the clay content significantly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity.The ER of sediment-bound nutrients was positively correlated with that of clay,suggesting that the clay fraction was preferentially eroded and soil nutrients were mainly adsorbed onto or contained within this fraction.There were increments in the fractal dimension of the sediment particles compared to that of the original surface soil.Moreover,the fractal dimension was positively correlated with clay,silt,and sediment-bound OM,N,and P contents,whereas it was negatively correlated with sand content.This study demonstrated that fractal dimension analysis can be used to characterize differences in particle-size distribution and nutrient loss associated with soil erosion.
文摘During the excavation of three-parallel-hole tunnel, the tunnel might collapse due to over-stress as a result of inadequate rock pillar width. Treating the rock overburden depth, rock strength, and rock pillar width as variables, a series of 3D numerical analysis was carried out to examine the effect of each variable on the safety of the tunnel, in particular the rock pillar. A stress strength ratio (SSR) was used to define whether the safety of the rock pillar was exceeded. A simple design chart for the case of three-parallel-hole tunnel, which took into account the influence of overburden depth, rock pillar width, and rock strength, was also proposed for used in the preliminary design stage.
